Ch 9-11 Flashcards by Courtney W

A specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health whose ultimate goal is to endorse quality promotion of health care which is safe for patients, health care workers, others in the health care setting and the environment, and to accomplish these goals in a cost-effective manner

World Health Organization (WHO)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 factors involved in the spread of disease

Microorganisms
Reservoir of infection
Host
Means of transportation (how transmitted to person)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An infectious organism that is too small to be seen by human vision

Microorganisms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Place where microorganisms can live; any suitable place where pathogens can survive in sufficient numbers to pose a threat
Some pathogens can live in a healthy individual and cause no problems
Many of us “carry” pathogens and aren’t a threat until we contact a susceptible person
It is not know how many cases of HIV there are because only a few of the infected people progress in AIDS; the rest remain unaffected and are carriers

Reservoir of infection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 microorganisms

Bacteria
Viruses
Protozoa
Fungi

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Single celled, prokaryotic
Reproduce by cellular division approximately every 20 minutes
Resistant to chemical and physical agents
Can remain viable for years

Bacteria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lack a true nucleus

Prokaryotic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Much smaller and simpler in form than bacteria
Intracellular Parasite
Carry their own genetic information, this is why there are so many different strains
Attaches to the host cell and inserts its own genetic information into the cell; the cell then replicates it
Requires a warm and moist environment
Depends on the patient’s own immune system to fight viral infections predominantly; doctor will usually let it run its course

Virus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Much like bacteria but larger
Single Celled
All classes are thought to contain some species that cause disease in humans; these diseases can be transmitted through contact with contaminated feces, either directly or by mechanical transmission (like from flies) or they can also be transmitted through insect bites, such as malaria from mosquitos

Protozoa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Live on dead or decaying matter

Need an abundant amount of moisture an oxygen and grow best at room temperature

Fungi

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 examples of fungi

Molds
Yeasts
Mushrooms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Microorganisms are present throughout the life cycle Those capable of causing disease are this

Pathogens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

5 systems of the body where pathogens can be

Respiratory Tract
Gastrointestinal Tract
Genitourinary Tract
Skin
Blood

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 pathogens of the respiratory tract (Disease/Classification/Mode of Transmission)

Flu-Virus-Airborne

Strep Throat-Bacterium-Airborne (VERY CONTAGIOUS)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is an example of a pathogen of the gastrointestinal tract (Disease/Classification/Mode of Transmission)?

Salmonella-Bacterium-Food/Water

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 examples of pathogens of the genitourinary tract (Disease/Classification/Mode of Transmission)

Genital Herpes-Virus-Sexual Contact

Gonorrhea-Bacterium-Sexual Contact

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 examples of pathogens of the skin (Disease/Classification/Mode of Transmission)

Athletes Foot-Fungus-Contact

Fever Blisters-Virus-Contact

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 examples of pathogens of the blood (Disease/Classification/Mode of Transmission)

AIDS-Virus-Mixing of human fluids

Lyme Disease-Bacterium-Ticks

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Normally, the susceptible person is a patient with a weakened immune system; these patients may develop secondary infections, while hospitalized for their original ailment

Susceptible host

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When the infection is acquired due to hospitalization
Also pose a threat to health care workers
Ex: in the U.S. 8,000 to 12,000 health care workers are infected with Hepatitis B virus (accidental needle sticks)

Nosocomial infection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Standards for dealing with infected people

Universal precautions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the most direct way to break the infectious cycle?

Prevent the transmission of the organism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 main routes of transmission

Direct Contact
Fomites (indirect contact)
Vectors (indirect contact)
Air borne contamination (indirect contact)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The susceptible person is touched by an infected person
Skin infections are common in health care workers due to contact with patients infected with Staph bacteria; so if you have a cut on your finger and you touch the bacteria, could contaminate you
Be sure to clean off equipment and table

Direct contact

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An object that has been in contact with a pathogenic organism, indirect contact Objects have been in DIRECT contact with the pathogen Any object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms, such as germs or parasites, and hence transferring them from one individual to another; skin cells, hair, clothing, and bedding are common hospital sources of contamination

Fomite

6 fomites in radiology

``` X-ray Table Chest Board Positioning Sponges IV Pole Wheelchairs Soiled hospital linens, uniforms, and “scrubs” ```

An animal or insect in which an organism develops or multiplies, indirect contact

Vectors

3 examples of vectors

Mosquitos-Malaria Ticks-Lyme Disease Dogs or cats-Rabies

The pathogen is spread by droplets or dust | It occurs when people speak, sneeze, or cough in the vicinity of a susceptible person; indirect contact

Air borne contamination

Procedures used to reduce the number of microorganisms and prevent their spread It reduces the probability that infectious organisms will be transmitted to a susceptible individual

Medical asepsis

3 examples of medical asepsis

Hand washing Wiping tables and cassettes Changing sheets and pillow cases

Simple cleanliness measures such as proper cleaning, dusting, linen handling, and hand washing

Microbial dilution

Involves the destruction of pathogens by using chemical materials, like wiping tables with bleach or lysol

Disinfection

Procedures used to eliminate any microorganisms; involves treating items with heat, gas, or chemical

Surgical asepsis/"sterile technique"

A pressure chamber used to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting them to high pressure saturated steam at 121 °C (249°F) for around 15-20 minutes depending on the size of the load and the contents Usually central supply department takes care of this

Autoclave

3 times gloves should be worn

When touching blood or bodily fluids Handling soiled items Should be changed after each patient

3 most commonly transmitted pathogens during patient care

HBV (Hepatitis B) HCV (Hepatitis C) HIV

Container for blood and bodily fluids

Biohazard

Container for needles

Sharps

2 groups that regulate policies and procedures for disposing of all items

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) | Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Feeling of uneasiness

Anxiety

Sudden, unexpected, intense attack of apprehension, often with physical signs and symptoms; feeling of impending doom Can have a vasovagal reaction with diaphoresis, vertigo, and nausea

Panic disorder

Psychological condition, irrational fear leading to avoidance

Phobia

The fear of tight and enclosed spaces

Claustrophobia

Drug induced relaxation; you remain conscious

Conscious sedation

Conscious sedation differs from anesthesia only by what?

Dose

3 agents used for conscious sedation

Antianxiety Analgesic Synergistic (combination of both)

Alleviate anxiety

Antianxiety

Combining narcotic medications like Morphine for conscious sedation, relieves painful anxiety caused by the procedure

Analgesic

Combination of both antianxiety and analgesic | Can be dangerous because of effects they can have on respiration

Synergistic

Drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and can therefore produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to total anesthesia

Barbiturates

3 barbiturates

Thiopental Methohexital Phenobarbital

3 things barbiturates treat

Insomnia Anxiety Seizure disorders

Barbiturate that slows the activity of your brain and nervous system; used to help you relax before you receive general anesthesia with an inhaled medication IV be can also be used rectally for pediatric conscious sedation before MRI studies Causing drowsiness or sleep before surgery or certain medical procedures, also used to stop seizures, or may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor It works by depressing the central nervous system, causing mild sedation or sleep, depending on the dose Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); fast or irregular heartbeat; fever; hallucinations; severe dizziness; very slow breathing

Thiopental | Brand name: Pentothal

Extremely rapid in onset and very short duration It works by depressing the activity of the brain to inhibit painful sensations and inducing sleep Given as an injection into a muscle, or into a vein through an IV; this medication is also given rectally when used in young children. Used in brief procedures, rectally Not a good choice for procedures requiring more than 5 minutes of sedation Good choice for CT exam because it is quick

Methohexital | Brand name: Brevital

Orally or IV Given to an adult patient the night before and the morning of the scheduled exam to keep the patient calm Used to treat or prevent seizures, also used short-term as a sedative to help you relax

Phenobarbital | Brand names: Luminal and Solfoton

Cause muscle relaxation, insomnia, antianxiety, anticonvulsants, and sedative-hypnotic activities Patients may experience a “hangover” type of effect They are highly addictive, and their use is normally limited to a short-term, as-needed basis and are carefully restricted Should not be combined with alcohol or other substances that inhibit the central nervous system

Benzodiazepines/tranquilizers

3 examples of benzodiazepines/tranquilizers

Valium Ativan Xanax

Most widely used benzodiazepine Shown to decrease anxiety and improve the outcome of the MRI study by decreasing motion artifact It works in the central nervous system to cause sleepiness, muscle relaxation, and short-term memory loss, and to reduce anxiety Normally IV, but given to pediatric patients rectally or intra-nasally about 15 minutes prior to exam Quick in onset and short duration of action

Midazolam

Stimulate the CNS receptors to decrease pain perception | Like all narcotics, they may become habit-forming if used over long periods

Opiate analgesics

2 examples of opiate analgesics

Morphine | Codeine

6 adverse reactions of opiate analgesics

``` Nausea Vomiting Dizziness Headaches Lightheadedness Constipation ```

The heart ceases to pump blood adequately to the rest of the body

Cardiac arrest

Death occurring rapidly and generally unexpectedly; usually from a cardiac dysrhythmia or myocardial infarction, but also from any cause of rapid death, pulmonary embolus, stroke, ruptured aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection

Sudden death

Irregular heartbeat

Arrhythmia

Irregular heartbeat that is usually rapid and commonly caused by poor blood flow, that can lead to blood clots, stroke, heart failure

Atrial fibrillation (Afib)

Condition in which the patient becomes unable to breathe, thus the body is inadequately oxygenated If not treated promptly, this will progress to cardiorespiratory arrest

Respiratory arrest

Full cardiac arrest

Cardiorespiratory arrest

The highest survival rate after cardiac arrest occurs in patients who receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) within how many minutes?

The highest survival rate after cardiac arrest occurs in patients who receive CPR within 4 minutes and who are additionally provided medications through Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) within how many minutes?

The level of medical care which is used for victims of life-threatening illnesses or injuries until they can be given full medical care at a hospital

Basic life support (BLS)

3 examples of BLS

Automated external defibrillator (AED) device usage Heimlich manuever CPR

A declaration of or a state of medical emergency and call for medical personnel and equipment to attempt to resuscitate a patient especially when in cardiac arrest or respiratory distress or failure

CODE BLUE

Most valuable and potentially lifesaving therapeutic agents used, especially when anaphylaxis reaction to contrast

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

What is produced by the adrenal glands naturally?

Adrenaline

Where are your adrenal glands located?

On top of the kidneys

2 primary functions of vasopressin

Retain water in the body | Increase blood flow

Vasopressin is usually excreted by what gland?

Pituitary

Antidiuretic hormone shown to increase blood flow to vital organs and improve oxygen delivery to the cerebral area Helps prevent loss of water from the body by reducing urine output and helping the kidneys reabsorb water into the body and also raises blood pressure by narrowing blood vessels, due to better blood flow. Used to treat diabetes, which is caused by a lack of a naturally occurring pituitary hormone in the body Now a standard therapy as an alternative to epinephrine

Vasopressin | Brand name: Petresin

Treats circulation problems caused by heart attack, heart failure, kidney failure, low blood pressure, or surgery It works by improving the pumping strength of the heart and improves blood flow to the kidneys Used to treat certain conditions, such as low pressure, that occur when you are in shock, which may be caused by heart attack, trauma, surgery, heart failure, kidney failure, and other serious medical conditions Also used to increase urine output in patients with renal failure Should only be delivered by intravenous injection

Dopamine

Can treat heart rhythm problems, stomach or bowel problems, certain types of poisoning when injected, decrease saliva before surgery and dilate the pupils before an eye exam, and treat spasms in the stomach, intestines, and other organs Helps keep your heart rate stable after a heart attack or during surgery Lowers the amount of body fluids inside your mouth and throat before a surgery which keeps you from possibly choking on your saliva while you are unconscious

Atropine

One of the most frequently used antidysrhythmic drugs for patients experiencing cardiac arrest Decreases myocardial excitability-abnormal rhythms Administered to convert a premature ventricular contraction to normal sinus rhythm

Lidocaine

Should be used only by clinicians skilled in intubation technique Used to relax all skeletal muscles so that the patient can be rapidly intubated

Neuromuscular blockers Paralyzing agents Brand name: Nimbex

Ch 9-11 Flashcards

(83 cards)