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Bio 1020 > Ch. 6 > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Flashcards

1
Q

A netlike array of protein filaments that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope and helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.

A

Nuclear Lamina

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2
Q

A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each ________ consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. (A bacterial _________ usually consists of a single circular DNA molecule and associated proteins. It is found in the nucleoid region, which is not membrane bounded.) See also chromatin.

A

Chromosome

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3
Q

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, ________ exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibres that are not visible with a light microscope.

A

Chromatin

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4
Q

Which cell typically has 46 chromosomes in it? But it’s sex cell only contains about 23

A

Human

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5
Q

A specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly.

A

Nucleolus

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6
Q

Appears through the electron microscope as a mass of densely stained granules and fibres adjoining part of the chromatin.

A

Nucleolus

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7
Q

A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus.

A

Ribosome

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8
Q

This ribosome is suspended in cytosol

A

Free

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9
Q

Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of

A

endoplasmic reticulum
nuclear envelope

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10
Q

Bound Ribosomes make proteins that are destined for:

A

insertion into membranes
packaging within certain organelles such as lysosomes
export from the cell (secretion).

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11
Q

Cells that specialize in protein secretion frequently have a high proportion of

A

Bound Ribosomes

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12
Q

Most of the proteins made on free ribosomes function within the cytosol, what is an example

A

enzymes that catalyze the first steps of sugar breakdown

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13
Q

The collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles

A

Endomembrane system

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14
Q

What is included in the Endomembrane system?

A

includes the plasma membrane,
the nuclear envelope,
the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum,
the Golgi apparatus,
lysosomes,
vesicles,
vacuoles.

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15
Q

List some of the tasks carried out by the endomembrane system

A

synthesis of proteins,
transport of proteins into membranes and organelles or out of the cell,
metabolism and movement of lipids,
detoxification of poisons.

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16
Q

An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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17
Q

The ER membrane separates the internal compartment of the ER, called the ER lumen (cavity) or cisternal space, from

A

Cytosol

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18
Q

The ER consists of a network of membranous tubules and sacs called

A

Cisternae

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19
Q

region of endoplasmic Reticulum that lacks ribosomes

A

smooth ER

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20
Q

Portion of endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes

A

rough ER

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21
Q

Smooth ER functions (depending on cell type)

A

synthesis of lipids
metabolism of carbohydrates
detoxification of drugs and poisons
storage of calcium ions.

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22
Q

What are some hormones created by the smooth ER

A

Steroids in animal cells
Sex hormones of vertebrates
Various steroid hormones secreted by adrenal glands

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23
Q

testes and ovaries are rich in what type of ER

A

smooth

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24
Q

Detoxification usually involves adding _________ to drug molecules, making them more soluble and easier to flush from the body.

A

hydroxyl groups

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25
Q

In fact, barbiturates, alcohol, and many other drugs induce the proliferation of smooth ER and its associated detoxification enzymes, thus increasing the rate of detoxification. Which means….

A

increases tolerance

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26
Q

What is smooth ER responsible for in muscle cells.

A

Pumping calcium ions from the cytosol into the ER lumen

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27
Q

Describe what happens when a muscle cell is stimulated by a nerve impulse

A

Calcium ions rush back across the ER membrane into the cytosol and trigger contraction of the muscle cell.

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28
Q

A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates

A

glycoprotein

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29
Q

What attaches carbs to proteins and where is it found

A

In the ER lumen by enzymes built in to the ER membrane

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30
Q

A small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell.

A

Transport Vesicle

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31
Q

The region that creates the Transport Vesicle

A

Transport ER

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32
Q

How does the rough ER membrane grow in place?

A

By adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to it’s own membrane

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33
Q

What happens to portions of the ER membrane as it expands?

A

Portions of it are transferred in the form of transport vesicles to other components of the endomembrane system.

34
Q

An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably noncellulose carbohydrates.

A

Golgi apparatus

35
Q

Flattened membranous sacs found in Golgi apparatus

A

Cisternae

36
Q

Name the two sides of the Golgi stack

A

Cis face
Trans face

37
Q

Where is the cis face usually located

A

Near the ER

38
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do to glycoproteins as they pass through?

A

removes some sugar monomers and substitutes others, producing a large variety of carbohydrates.

39
Q

What is attached to Golgi vesicles as “identification tags”

A

phosphate groups

40
Q

What happens in the Golgi static model?

A

products in various stages of processing transferred from one cisterna to the next by vesicles.

41
Q

What happens in the Golgi cisternal maturation model?

A

the cisternae of the Golgi actually progress forward from the cis to the trans face, carrying and modifying their cargo as they move.

42
Q

A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists.

A

Lysosome

43
Q

Why would Lysosomal Enzymes not be super dangerous if a small amount leak?

A

Cytosol has a fairly neutral Ph

44
Q

What is made by the rough ER then transported to the Golgi for further processing?

A

Hydrolytic Enzyme
lysosomal membrane

45
Q

How are the proteins of the inner surface of the lysosomal membrane and the digestive enzymes themselves spared from destruction?

A

the three-dimensional shapes of these proteins protect vulnerable bonds from enzymatic attack.

46
Q

A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals (in mammals, mainly macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells).

A

Phagocytosis

47
Q

When the lysosome breaks down damaged organelles

A

Autophagy

48
Q

When lysosome digests food

A

Phagocytosis

49
Q

A membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells.

A

Vacuole

50
Q

A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain freshwater protists.

A

Contractile Vacuole

51
Q

In a mature plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances.

A

Central Vacuole

52
Q

What major role does the central vacuole play in a plant cell?

A

Growth

53
Q

How does the Central Vacuole contribute to cell growth?

A

as the vacuole absorbs water, enabling the cell to become larger with a minimal investment in new cytoplasm.

54
Q

Which organelles in eukaryotic cells are responsible for energy conversion.

A

Mitochondria
Chloroplasts

55
Q

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP.

A

Mitochondria

56
Q

An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

A

Chloroplast

57
Q

The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.

A

Endosymbiont Theory

58
Q

Term for cell living within another cell

A

Endosymbiont

59
Q

Three supporting ideas of Endosymbiont Theory

A
  1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes
  2. Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain ribosomes, as well as multiple circular DNA molecules associated with their inner membranes.
    3.Mitochondria and chloroplasts independently grow within the cell
60
Q

The number of what organelle correlates to the cell’s level of metabolic activity

A

Mitochondria

61
Q

An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. The inner membrane houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP (ATP synthase).

A

Crista

62
Q

The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA.

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

63
Q

Where are the Enzymes that make ATP

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

64
Q

What is another example of the structure fitting function within the mitochondria

A

The Cristae of the inner membrane

65
Q

What three things are contained within the mitochondrial matrix

A

Enzymes
Mitochondrial DNA
Ribosomes

66
Q

True or False
These observations helped cell biologists understand that mitochondria in a living cell form a branched tubular network, seen in a whole cell in Figure 6.17b, that is in a dynamic state of flux.

A

True

67
Q

A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular “machinery” used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

A

Thylakoid

68
Q

A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis.

A

Granum

69
Q

The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

A

stroma

70
Q

what contains the chloroplast DNA and ribosomes as well as many enzymes.

A

stroma

71
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the Chloroplasts

A

Intermembrane space
Stroma
Thylakoid

72
Q

One of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts. Plastids are found in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes.

A

Plastids

73
Q

An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen , producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide .

A

Peroxisome

74
Q

Some peroxisomes use oxygen to break fatty acids down into smaller molecules to be transported where for what purpose?

A

Transported to the Mitochondria and used as fuel for cellular respiration

75
Q

Function of peroxisomes in the liver

A

detoxify alcohol and other harmful compounds by transferring hydrogen from the poisons to oxygen

76
Q

How do peroxisomes grow larger?

A

They grow larger by incorporating proteins made in the cytosol and ER, as well as lipids made in the ER and within the peroxisome itself.

77
Q

A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signalling functions.

A

Cytoskeleton

78
Q

Three types of structures that make up the Eukaryotic cytoskeleton

A

microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.

79
Q

changes in cell location and movements of cell parts

A

cell motility

80
Q

A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell.

A

motor protein

81
Q

A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.

A

Microtubule

Bio 1020 (14 decks)

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