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Bio 1020 > Ch. 8 Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Two Functions of Cellular Respiration

A

How living things get energy out of organic molecules
Convert one type of organic molecule to another.

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2
Q

Two chemical reactions that involve the gain or loss of electrons from atoms

A

Oxidation
Reduction

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3
Q

Oxidation is the:
a) gaining of electrons
b) loss of electrons
c) Oxygen electrons

A

b

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4
Q

Reduction is the:
a) gaining of electrons
b) loss of electrons
c) Weight loss in atom

A

a

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5
Q

What is happening in this equation:
What is being reduced
What is being oxidized

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy

A

Oxidation of Glucose
Reduced: Oxygen
Oxidized: Glucose

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6
Q

To make the release of energy useful what happens:
(Three steps)

A
  1. Electrons gradually removed from organic molecules
  2. Energy in individual electrons is gradually reduced
  3. Energy is converted to a useful form (ATP)
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7
Q

What percent of energy released from cellular respiration is stored in ATP:
a) 30%
b) 60%
c) 40%

A

c

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8
Q

What is the remainder of energy released in cellular respiration converted to?

A

Heat

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9
Q

Three stages of aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron transport chain
Chemiosmosis

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10
Q

What organelle hosts the Krebs cycle and chemiosmosis

A

Mitochondrion

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11
Q

What is the proper order for the stages of aerobic respiration:
a) Chemiosmosis-Glycolysis-Krebs cycle
b)Krebs cycle-Chemiosmosis-Glycolysis
c)Glycolysis-Krebs cycle-Electron transport chain
d) Glycolysis-Krebs cycle- Electron transport chain and Chemiosmosis

A

d

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12
Q

What are used to transport electrons from one place to another

A

NAD+ & NADH
FAD & FADH2

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13
Q

What is released from NADH in its oxidation to NAD +

A

2 electrons
1 H+

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14
Q

What is the oxidized from of the electron carrier NAD+ or NADH

A

NAD+

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15
Q

What is the reduced from of the electron carrier NAD+ or NADH

A

NADH

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16
Q

What is released in the reduction of NAD+

A

2 electrons
1 H+

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17
Q

Which is the Oxidized form: FAD or FADH2

A

FAD

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18
Q

Which is the reduced form: FAD or FADH2

A

FADH2

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19
Q

What is added to FAD to reduce it

A

2 Electrons
2 H+

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20
Q

What is lost by FADH2 in its reduction

A

2 electrons
2 H+

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21
Q

What is the sight of cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

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22
Q

What process creates most of the ATP

A

Chemiosmosis

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23
Q

T or F:
Electron transport chain is a series of proteins on a membrane

A

True

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24
Q

5 points of the Electron transport chain

A
  1. a series of proteins on a membrane
  2. Accepts electrons from electron carriers
  3. Reduces the energy of electrons
  4. Energy from the electrons is used to actively transport H+ across the membrane
  5. Oxygen is final electron acceptor
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25
Q

What creates the H+ gradient and what form of energy is the gradient

A

electron transport chain
potential energy

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26
Q

What does the H+ cross the membrane through and what is the name of the vehicle it uses

A

enzyme
ATP synthase

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27
Q

The kinetic energy in the movement of H+ is converted to what other form of energy in ATP

A

Potential Energy

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28
Q

What form of energy is used to move H+ ions

A

Kinetic Energy

29
Q

What can use ATP to move ions across a membrane

A

Transport proteins

30
Q

What makes ATP

A

ATP synthase

31
Q

What process is the splitting of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

A

Glycolysis

32
Q

What Molecule and electron carrier are produced by glycolysis

A

ATP
NADH

33
Q

What set of reactions in glycolysis includes the addition of phosphates to glucose?
a) Energy input
b) Energy removal
c) Energy conversion

A

Energy input

34
Q

What set of reactions in glycolysis includes the removal of phosphates (onto ATP) and electrons?
a) Energy input
b) Energy removal
c) Energy conversion

A

Energy removal

35
Q

Process in which phosphate is transferred from an organic molecule to ADP

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

36
Q

What are the 2 ways ATP is made in Respiration?
a) glycolysis, chemiosmosis
b) Krebs cycle, Substrate level phosphorylation
c) Chemiosmosis, substrate level phosphorylation

A

c

37
Q

What happens to pyruvic acid in order to turn it into Pyruvate?

A

Lost an H+ ion

38
Q

In order for pyruvic acid to be turned in to a two carbon compound what is the electron carrier used? and what compound does it give off?

A

NAD+
CO2

39
Q

What enzyme attaches itself to the two carbon compound?

A

Coenzyme A

40
Q

What is the name of the enzyme after pyruvic acid is converted to a two carbon compound and the coenzyme has attached itself?

A

Acetyl CoA

41
Q

What two electron carriers are electrons transferred to during the Kreb’s cycle

A

NAD+
FAD

42
Q

What is produced from the Kreb’s cycle

A

CO2

43
Q

What is produced by substrate level phosphorylation

A

ATP

44
Q

What feeds electrons into the electron transport chain?

A

FADH2

45
Q

In non photosynthetic what is seen as a waste product

A

CO2

46
Q

Without what diatomic molecule will the electron transport chain stop working?

A

O2

47
Q

What electron carrier is not produced in the absence of O2 in the electron transport chain?

A

NAD+

48
Q

Increasing levels of ATP and one of the products of the Krebs cycle inhibits what step of what Process in cellular respiration.

A

ATP
third step of glycolysis

49
Q

Adenosine monophosphate is used to make what form of potential energy

A

ATP

50
Q

The enzyme that is one of the main regulators of ATP production is also responsible for what step in what process?

A

3rd step of glycolysis

51
Q

What happens when no O2 is available

A

Fermentation

52
Q

What is the process called when there is Oxidation of organic compounds in the absence of oxygen

A

fermentation

53
Q

Without O2 glycolysis results in a buildup of and drop in:
a) FAD,FADH2
b) ADP, ATP
c) NADH, NAD+

A

c

54
Q

What are the two fermentation processes that remove the electrons from NADH using pyruvic acid?

A

Alcohol fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation

55
Q

When using alcohol fermentation to remove electrons from NADH what are the products after pyruvic acid undergoes reduction

A

Ethanol+ + CO2

56
Q

What undergoes reduction in lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate

57
Q

What is the product in the reduction of pyruvate

A

Lactate

58
Q

What other electron carriers can prokaryotes use?

A

metals
sulfur compounds
organic compounds

59
Q

T or F:
A prokaryotes ability to use other electron acceptors allows them to live in an O2 free environment but still use an electron transport chain

A

True

60
Q

Each NADH (optimally) yields how many ATP:
a) 1.5
b) 2.5
c) 3.25

A

b

61
Q

Active transport in to the mitochondria requires what amount of ATP

A

1

62
Q

Each FADH2 yields how many ATP:
a) 1.5
b) 2.5
c) 3.25

A

a

63
Q

What 3 types of poisons disrupt the function of the mitochondria

A
  1. Electron transport chain disrupters
  2. ATP synthase blockers
  3. Uncouplers
64
Q

What type of fat uses facilitated diffusion that allows H+ to cross the mitochondrial membrane

A

Brown fat

65
Q

What type of waste is produced by respiration in animals

A

Nitrogen waste

66
Q

Name 3 different types of sugars consumed that were discussed in class

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

67
Q

Fructose is now mainly consumed as what

A

Sucrose
industrially altered glucose

68
Q

What process produces ATP,NADH and pyruvic acid

A

Glycolysis

69
Q

What process involves the production of CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2

A

The Krebs cycle

Bio 1020 (14 decks)

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