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anatomy > ch 6 > Flashcards

ch 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

skeletal cartilage

A

highly resilient, molded cartilage tissues that consists primarily of water

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2
Q

T/F: skeletal cartilage contains blood vessels and nerves

A

FALSE

it does NOT contain blood vessels or nerves

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3
Q

perichondrium

A

layer of dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage like a girdle
resists outward expansion

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4
Q

T/F: perichondrium contains blood vessels

A

TRUE

allows nutrient delivery to cartilage

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5
Q

what is cartilage made up of

A

chondrocytes

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6
Q

lacunae

A

small spaces/cavities

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7
Q

what are chondrocytes encased in

A

lacunae

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8
Q

what are the three types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

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9
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

provides support, flexibility, and resilience
contains COLLAGEN FIBERS

joints, ribs, respiratory, nasal cartilage

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10
Q

elastic cartilage

A

similar to hyaline
contains ELASTIC FIBERS

external ear and epiglottis

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11
Q

fibrocartilage

A

great tensile strength
THICK COLLAGEN FIBERS

menisci of knee, vertebral disks

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12
Q

what are the two ways that cartilage grows

A

appositional growth
interstitial growth

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13
Q

appositional growth

A

growth from the outside
new matrix laid down on surface of cartilage

bone gets thicker

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14
Q

interstitial growth

A

growth from the inside
chondrocytes within lacunae divide and secrete new matrix
expands from within

bone gets longer

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15
Q

function of bones

A

support
protection
movement
mineral + growth factor storage
blood cell formation
triglyceride (fat) storage
hormone production

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16
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of blood cells in RED MARROW CAVITIES

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17
Q

osteocalcin

A

protein secreted by bones
regulates insulin secretion, glucose levels, metabolism

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18
Q

how many named bones are in the human skeleton

A

206

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19
Q

axial skeleton

A

long axis of body
skull, vertebral column, rib cage

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20
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of upper and lower limbs
girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton

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21
Q

long bones

A

longer than they are wide
limb bones

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22
Q

short bones

A

cube shaped bones
in wrist and ankles

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23
Q

sesamoid bones

A

small, round bones embedded in tendons
vary in size

ex patella

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24
Q

flat bones

A

thin, flat, slightly curved

sternum, scapula, ribs, most skull bonesq

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25
irregular bones
complicated shapes vertebrae and hip bones
26
compact bone
dense outer layer on every bone appears smooth and solid
27
spongy bone
made up of honeycomb of trabeculae
28
trabeculae
thin, branching structure found within spongy bone lightweight and strong open spaces in it filled with yellow or red bone marrow
29
periosteum
vascular connective tissue that covers the OUTSIDE of compact bone fibrous layer (outer) osteogenic layer (inner)
30
endosteum
vascular membrane of connective tissue that covers INSIDE portion of compact bone
31
structure of short, irregular, and flat bones
periosteum compact bone spongy bone endosteum
32
structure of long bones
diaphysis epiphysis membranes
33
diaphysis
tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone
34
epiphyses
ends of long bones compact bone externally spongy bone internally
35
epiphyseal line
between diaphysis and epiphysis remnant of epiphyseal plate
36
epiphyseal plate
growth plate in long bones not in adults
37
red marrow
found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone
38
what is in the medullary cavities of newborns
red marrow
39
osteogenic cells
mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum aka osteogenic cells
40
osteoblasts
bone-forming cells that secrete osteoid made up of collagen and calcium binding proteins actively mitotic
41
osteocytes
mature bone cells no longer divide act as stress or strain sensors
42
bone-lining cells
flat cells on bone surfaces maintenance and repair of bone tissue periosteal cells (EXTERNAL bone surface) endosteal cells (INTERNAL surfaces)
43
osteoclasts
large cells that break down bone tissue via enzymes
44
another name for compact bone
lamellar bone
45
what is compact bone consisted of
osteon (Haversian system) canals and canaliculi interstitial and circumferential lamellae
46
osteon (Haversian system)
structural unit of compact bone surrounded by lamellae
47
canals and canaliculi
central (Haversian) canal perforating (Volkman's) canals
48
central (Haversian) canal
runs through core of osteon contains blood vessels and nerve fibers
49
perforating (Volkman's) canals
lined with endosteum connects blood and nerve supply to periosteum
50
canaliculi
hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and to central canal
51
spongy bone
organized along stress lines to resist stress on bone
52
T/F: bone is made up of organic and inorganic components
true!!
53
ossification
bone tissue formation
54
another name for ossification
osteogenesis
55
endochondral ossification
bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage forms most of skeleton bones are called cartilage bones
56
intramembranous ossification
bone develops from fibrous membrane bones are called membrane bones
57
endochondral ossifcation
forms most bones inferior to base of skull except clavicles requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior begins at primary ossification center in shaft
58
five steps in process of ossification
1. bone collar forms around diaphysis of cartilage model 2. central cartilage in dialysis calcifies and then develops cavities 3. periosteal bud invades cavities, formation of spongy bone 4. diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms 5. epiphyses ossify
59
intramembranous ossification
forms flat bones (ex. frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, clavicle) 1. mesenchymal cells cluster and become osteoblasts 2. osteoid secreted and calcified 3. woven bone formed when osteoid is laid down around blood vessels 4. lamellar bone replaces woven bone, red marrow appears
60
five zones of epiphyseal plate
resting proliferation hypertrophic calcification ossification
61
resting (quiescent) zone
area of cartilage on epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate that is relatively inactive
62
proliferation (growth) zone
area of cartilage on diaphysis side of epiphyseal plate that is rapidly dividing new cells move and push upward, causing lengthening
63
hypertrophic zone
area with older chondrocytes closer to diaphysis interconnecting spaces form
64
calcification zone
surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies chondrocytes die and deteriorate
65
ossification zone
chondrite deterioration leaves calcified cartilage osteoclasts erode spicules and are covered with new bone ultimately replaced with spongy bone medullary cavity enlarges
66
growth hormone
stimulates epiphyseal plate activity
67
thyroid hormone
moderates activity of growth hormone
68
testosterone
adolescent growth spurts in men ends growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure
69
estrogen
adolescent growth spurts in women ends growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure
70
bone remodeling
bone deposit and resorption old bone broken down and new bone is formed
71
bone resorption
osteoclasts break down bone tissue
72
bone formation
osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix
73
osteoid seam
band of unmineralized bone matrix that marks area of new matrix
74
calcification front
abrupt transition zone between osteoid seam and older mineralized bone
75
parathyroid hormone
produced in response to LOW blood calcium levels stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone calcium released into blood
76
calcitonin
produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland produced in response to HIGH blood calcium levels
77
leptin
hormone released by adipose tissue inhibits osteoclasts
78
seratonin
regulates mood and sleep interferes with osteoblast activities
79
Wolf's Law
bones grow or remodel in response to demands placed on them
80
fractures
breaks
81
nondisplaced fracture
ends remain in normal position
82
displaced fracture
ends are not in normal alignment
83
complete fracture
broken all the way through
84
incomplete fracture
not broken all the way through
85
open (compound) fracture
skin is penetrated, broken
86
closed (simple) fracture
skin is not penetrated, broken
87
reduction
alignment of broken bone ends
88
closed reduction
manipulated to the correct position
89
open reduction
surgery pins or wires to secure end
90
four major stages of bone repair
hematoma formation fibrocartilaginous callus formation bony callus forming bone remodeling
91
hematoma formation
clotted blood at site of break
92
fibrocartilaginous callus formation
capillaries grow into hematoma phagocytic cells clear debris fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to span break fibrocartilaginous callus formed (cartilage matrix of repair tissue)
93
bony callus formation
trabeculae form in fibrocartilaginous callus callus is converted to bony (hard) callus of spongy bone lasts 2 months
94
bone remodeling (bone repair step)
starts during bony callus formation excess material removed compact bone laid down to reconstruct shaft walls fixed!
95
osteomalacia
soft, weak bones poorly mineralized
96
rickets
osteomalacia in children bowed legs vitamin D or calcium deficiency
97
osteoporosis
bone resorption exceeds deposit bone mass declines older women
98
Paget's disease
excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption bone grows fast and develops poorly Pagetic bone

anatomy (8 decks)

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