Ch 6; Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood Flashcards
(262 cards)
1
Q
what is the pace at which childs growth grows?
A
rapid
2
Q
what growth patterns does a childs growth follow
A
cephalocaudal and proximodistal
3
Q
what advances do children’s developing minds and social experiences produce
A
- self development,
- emotional maturity,
- moral understanding,
- gender awareness
4
Q
during the second year of life children make considerable progress of self […]
A
Recognition
5
Q
how many stages are in Erik Eriksons developmental stages
A
eight
6
Q
what is Erikson first stage
A
trust vs mistrust
7
Q
young children improve, according to eriksons theory, self […] and understanding of […]
A
understanding
others
8
Q
what did Erikson regard as the main developmental task of infancy
A
trust vs mistrust
9
Q
according to Erikson what is the psychosocial stage associated with early childhood
A
initiative vs guilt
10
Q
what skills do children in early childhood use to make things happen
A
- perceptual
- motor
- cognitive
- language
11
Q
Does conscience govern initiative
A
Yes
12
Q
a childs initiative and enthusiasm can bring rewards but also […] because it [higher or lower] self esteem
A
guilt
lowers
13
Q
are young children psychologically aware of themselves and others
A
yes
14
Q
in erisksons theory , early childhood is a period when…
A
development involves resolving the conflict of initiative versus guilt
15
Q
what is self understanding
A
the child’s cognitive representation of self, the substance and content of the childs self conceptions
16
Q
what does early self-understanding involve
A
self recognition
17
Q
what do children distinguish themselves from others through
A
physical and material attributes
18
Q
From age […] to […] young children mainly describe themselves in terms of […], […] features, […] and as they begin to hear they use […] and […] terms
A
4
5
concrete
observable
activities
psychological
emotional
19
Q
are young children’s self descriptions typically realistic
A
No,
typically unrealistic
20
Q
what do children confuse when they can’t distinguish negative emotions
A
desired and actual competence
21
Q
what do children make advances in
A
understanding of others
22
Q
a childs young theory of mind in early childhood includes understanding that other people have […] and […]
A
emotions
desire
23
Q
at age 4 to 5 what else do children use to describe others other than terms of psychological traits
A
being to perceive others in terms of psychological traits
24
Q
what is an important part of children’s socioemotional development of others (4y/o+) is that they are gaining an understanding that people don’t always give accurate reports of their beliefs
A
Yes
25
what is an important part of children's socioemotional development of others
understanding joint commitments
26
the extensive theory of mind and recent research on young children's social understanding underscored that they are not as […] as Piaget envisioned
egocentric
27
research showed that children in early childhood are more socially […] and […]
sensitive
perceptive
28
parents and teachers can help teach young children thanks to them being more socially sensitive and perceptive for better understanding and interacting in the social world by how they interact with them
Yes
29
what is the ongoing debate about young children about
whether they are socially sensitive or egocentric
30
Did Ross Thompson believe young children are socially sensitive or egocentric
socially sensitive
31
did Susan Harter believe young children are socially sensitive or egocentric
egocentric
32
emotional development is linked to the young child's growing awareness of self ability to feel an expanding range of […]
emotions
33
young infants are able to experience self conscious emotions because they must be able to refer themselves and be aware of themselves as […] from others
distinct
34
what emotions can infants experience
joy and fear
35
what are self conscious emotions
- pride
- shame
- embarrassment
- guilt
36
when do self conscious emotions appear
around 18 months of age
37
what was linked to a young childs greater tendency to engage in spontaneous helping is […] pride, having pride in response to […], and resilience to […]
Moral
Achievement
Shame
38
Can young children's emotional expression be linked to their parents own expressive behavior
Yes
39
among the most important changes in emotional development in early childhood is an increased understanding of […]
emotions
40
young children increasingly understand in certain situations that certain situations are likely to evoke particular […], facial […] indicate specific emotions, and that emotions affect […] and can be used to influence others
Emotions
Expressions
Behavior
41
is a young children's emotional understanding linked to an increase in pro social behavior
Yes
42
Children’s emotional regulation in 5- to 7- year olds have an understanding of […] emotions
Others
43
the terms children use to describe emotions between ages 2 and 4 when understanding emotions considerable [increase or decrease]
increase
44
how are lower-SES parents
- more concerned that their children conform to society's expectations
- create home atmosphere in which it is clear that parents have authority over children, among others
- use more physical punishment
- are more directive and less conversational
45
ages 2 to 4 are learning the causes and […] of feeling when understanding emotions
Consequences
46
\ 4 to 5 years old show an [increased or decreased] ability to reflect on emotions when understanding emotions
increased
47
most children by age 5 can accurately identify emotions that are produced by […] circumstances and describe […] they might call on to cope with everyday stress
Challenging
strategies
48
is emotion regulation an important aspect of development
yes
49
regulating emotions plays a role in the children’s ability to manage the […] and […] they face in interacting with others
Demands
Conflicts
50
researchers consider the growth of emotion regulation in children as fundamental to the development of social […]
Competence
51
what can emotion regulation be conceptualized as
- higher level cognitive functioning
- component of self regulation
- or of executive function
52
emotion coaching or an emotion dismissing approach depends on how a parent talks with their children about emotion
Yes
53
emotion coaching parents monitor their children's […], view their children's […] emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in […] emotions, and coach them in how to deal […] with emotions
Emotions
Negative
labeling
Effectively
54
emotion dismissing parents view their role as to […], […], or change […] emotions
Deny
Ignore
Negative
55
how do emotion coaching parents interact with their children
- less rejecting manner
- use more scaffolding and praise
- nurturant
56
what are children of emotion coaching parents better at
- soothing themselves when they get upset
- effective in regulating their negative affect
- focus their attention on the better
- fewer behavioral problems
57
what are father and mother emotion coaching related to
father; children's social competence
mother; less oppositional behavior
58
what does the mothers knowledge about what distresses and comforts their children predict of their children
- coping
- empathy
- prosocial behavior
59
what do emotions have a strong role in determining
the success of a child's peer relationship
60
what is moral development
development of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people
61
what are feelings of anxiety and guilt central to
the account of moral development provided by Freuds psychoanalytic theory
62
what is superego
the moral element of the personality
63
are Freuds ideas backed by research
no
64
what is empathy
responding to another persons feelings with an emotion that echoes those feelings
65
in emotional development growing self awareness linked to felling and […] and […] a range of emotions
expanding
expressing
66
can guilt and positive feelings contribute to morals
yes
67
perspective talking is when infants have the capacity for some purely […] responses, but empathy often requires the ability to discern another persons […] states
Empathetic
Emotional
68
what did Piaget do according to moral reasoning
stimulate interest in how children think about moral issues
69
what does an increase in self understanding and understanding others reflect
increased awareness reflects young children's expanding psychological sophistication
70
how did Piaget learn about children's moral issues
observed and interviewed children from ages 4 through 12
71
what is the heteronomous morality stage according to Piaget in moral reasoning that children go through from ages 4 to 7
first stage of moral development in Piagets theory. Children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties, beyond the control of people
72
autonomous morality according to Piaget of moral reasoning that children go through from ages 10 and older become aware that […] and […] are created by people, and in judging an action they consider the actor's […] as well as the actions […]
Rules
laws
intentions
Consequences
73
young heteronomous children (Piagets theory) judge the […] or […] of behavior by considering its […], not the […] of the actor
Rightness
Goodness
Consequences
Intentions
74
young heteronomous children (Piagets theory) think that rules are […] and are handed down by all-powerful […]
Unchangeable
Authorities
75
moral autonomists (Piagets theory) accept rules, accept […] and recognize that rules are merely […] that are subject to […]
Change
Conventions
Change
76
immanent justice concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out […]
Immediately
77
heteronomous believers believe that immanent justice according to Piagets theory is that a violation is followed automatically by its punishment
Yes
78
Piaget believes that changes in moral reasoning occur as children develop they become more sophisticated in their thinking about […] matters, especially about the possibilities and conditions of […]
Social
Cooperation
79
moral autonomists believe that in immanent justice according to Piagets theory recognize that punishment occurs only if someone […] the wrongdoing and that, even then, punishment is not […]
Witnesses
Inevitable
80
what do the behavioral and social cognitive approach to development focus on
moral behavior
81
how is moral behavior explained
process of reinforcement
punishment
imitation
82
The development of self […] is the ability to resist temptation which involves learning to delay gratification. is closely tied to social cognitive theories
control
83
what does gender mean
characteristics related to femininity and masculinity based on social and cultural norms
84
what does gender identity mean
persons inner sense of being a girl/woman, boy/man, another gender, or no gender
85
sex is the labelling of their biological or genetic makeup as female or male based on hormones, chromosomes, and internal and external genitalia
Yes
86
most children know their sex by […] years of age. Though understanding might come later on
2
87
does gender identity stay the same for every individual
no, may change and shift for some
88
what are gender role
sets of expectations that prescribe how people should think, act, and feel based on social and cultural norms about gender
89
Through what biological way do children act in ways that match their cultures gender roles
- chromosomes
- hormones
- evolution
90
what are the three main social theories of gender
- social role theory
- psychoanalytical theory
- social cognitive theory
91
who proposed the social role theory
Alice eagly
92
the social role theory states that gender differences result from the contrasting […] of women and men
Roles
93
the psychoanalytical theory of gender states that preschool child develop a sexual attraction to the […]-sex parent
Opposite
94
what is the psychoanalytical theory a stem from
Freuds view
95
according to the psychoanalytical theory of gender from Freud about preschool children developing a sexual attraction to the opposite sex parent, what age does this usually happen
5 or 6, renounces his attraction because of anxious feelings
96
Oedipus is part of Freuds psychoanalytical theory that boys are attracted to the […] sex parent
Opposite
97
Electra is part of Freuds psychoanalytical theory that girls are attracted to the […] sex parent
Opposite
98
have psychologists agreed with Freuds psychoanalytical theory
no, not in the manner that Freud proposed
99
the social cognitive theory of gender is that children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation of what other people say and do, and through being […] and […] for gender appropriate and gender-inappriopate behavior
Rewarded
Punished
100
where do children learn gender roles
- parents
- culture
- school
- peers
- media
- other family members
101
how do parents influence their children's gender development
action and by example
102
mother's socialization strategies in many cultures is to socialize their daughters to be more […] and […] than their sons. They also place more […] on their daughters' autonomy.
Obedient
Responsible
Restrictions
103
father's socialization strategies show more attention to their sons than to their daughters, engage in [more or less] activities with their sons, and put forth more effort to promote their sons' […] development
More
Intellectual
104
even though in the United States and other western cultures are aware of the detrimental effects of gender stereotyping, what do they continue to do
continue to foster behaviors and perceptions that are consonant with traditional gender role norms
105
after some time who other than parents discriminate gender roles
peers
106
do peers rewards and punish gender behavior
Yes
107
who is there more pressure to conform to traditional gender roles, boys or girls
boys
108
what molds important aspects of peer relations
gender
molds;
composition, size, interactions of a children's group
109
what is gender composition of children's groups at around age 3 that increases until around age 12
show preference for spending time with same-sex playmates
*increases between 4 and 6 years of age*
110
what is group size in peer influences from about age 5 for boys
boys are more likely to interact socially in larger clusters + participate in organized group games
111
what is group size in peer influences from about age 5 for girls
girls are more likely to play in dyads or triads
112
what is interaction in same sex groups for peer influences for boys
- engage in rough-and-tumble play
- competition
- conflict
- ego displays
- risk taking
- quests for dominance
113
what is interaction in same-sex groups for peer influences for girls
- engage in "collaborative discourse"
- talk and act in a more reciprocal matter
114
how does gender develop according to the social cognitive theory
- observation,
- imitation,
- rewards,
- punishment
115
the main keys to gender development is through interactions between the […] and […] environment
Child
Social
116
the gender schema theory introduced by Sandra Bem is that gender typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture
Yes
117
what is a schema
cognitive structure, a network of associations that guide an individuals perceptions
118
what does the gender schema organize
the world in terms of female and male
119
children are […] motivated to perceive the world and act in accordance with their developing schemas according to the gender schema theory
internally
120
how do parents feel about their lives than non parents
- more satisfied
- feel relatively better on a daily basis
- more positive feelings
121
Diana Baumrind has stressed about parents parenting styles should neither be […] or […] rather develop […] and be […]
punitive
aloof.
rules
affectionate
122
what are the four parenting styles that Diana Baumrind describes
- authoritarian parenting
- authoritative parenting
- neglectful parenting
- indulgent parenting
123
what is Diana Baumrinds explanation of authoritarian parenting style
restrictive, punitive style
- exhort child to follow directions and respect their work and effort
- firm limits and controls on the child + allow little verbal exchange
- unhappy, fearful, anxious, weak communication skills
124
how did Diana Baumrinds explain the authoritative parenting style
encourages child to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions
- extensive verbal give and take is allowed
- parents are warm and nurturant towards the child
- cheerful, self controlled, self reliant, achievement oriented
- friendly relation with peers, cooperate with adults, cope well with stress
125
how did Diana Baumrinds explain the neglectful parenting style
parent is uninvolved in child's life
- develop the sense that other aspects of the parents' lives are more important than they are
- socially incompetent, poor self control, don't handle independence well
- low self esteem, immature, alienated from family
- truancy + delinquency in adolescence
126
in Diana Baumrinds parenting styles the indulgent parenting style is when parents are […] involved with their children but place […] demands or controls on them
highly
few
- let child do whatever they want
- believe the combination of warm involvement and few restraints will produce a creative, confident child
- rarely learn respect for others, difficulty controlling their behavior
- might be domineering, egocentric, noncompliant, unsatisfactory peer relations
127
What do Diana Baumrinds four classifications of parenting involve
acceptance and responsiveness (on one hand)
demand and control (on the other)
128
what of Diana Baumrinds parenting style conveys the most benefits to the child and family
authoritative parenting
129
what have researchers found about the authoritarian parenting style that contrasts Diana Baumrinds classifications
in some ethnic groups, it is associated with more positive outcomes
130
how is research on parenting styles and children's development done
correlational
131
children socialize parents just as
parents socialize children
132
do parents use a single technique when parenting children
many parents use a combination of techniques
133
what do parenting styles not capture about reciprocal socialization and synchrony
that children socialize parents just as parents socialize children
134
A third factor that parenting styles do not take into consideration is the sharing of […] that predispose them to behave in ways that produce the correlation
Genes
135
what is an issue about parenting style research
involves mothers but not fathers
(many will use different parenting styles)
136
is corporal (physical) punishment legal in the united states
in every state
137
what is the percentage of 3 and 4 year old that are spanked frequently
26 percent
138
what is the percentage of 3 and 4 year olds that are yelled at frequently
67 percent
139
what is the percentage of parents that have spanked their children by the time they reach kindergarden
+11,000 U.S. parents
80%
140
is physical punishment outlawed in how many countries
41 countries + growing
141
what are some reasons for avoiding spanking or similar punishments
- presenting children with out of control models for handling stressful situations. children imitate this behavior
- instill fear, rage, or avoidance
- tells children what not to do rather than what to do
- become abusive to the child
142
how do most child psychologists recommend handling misbehavior
reasoning + explaining consequences of the childs actions for others
143
what is time out
when the child is removed from a setting that offers positive reinforcement
144
Is non abusive physical punishment linked to detrimental child outcomes
Yes
145
what does a large majority of leading experts on parenting conclude about physical punishment
harmful effects on children and should not be used
146
what is coparenting
support that parents give eachother in raising a child
147
In one study , what is more beneficial than either maternal or paternal parenting in helping children to develop self control
coparenting
148
in 2013, how many U.S. children were found to be victims of child abuse at least once during that year
679,000 by one or both parents
149
what does punishment sometimes lead to in child maltreatment
abuse of infants and children
150
what does the law in many states now require physicians and teachers to do
report suspected cases of child abuse
151
what are the four main types of child maltreatment
- physical abuse
- child neglect
- sexual abuse
- emotional abuse
152
what is physical abuse in child maltreatment
infliction of physical injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, shaking, harming
153
what is child neglect in child maltreatment
failure to provide for the childs basic needs
154
what can child neglect consist of
- physical
- education
- emotional
*most common*
155
what is sexual abuse
- fondling of genitals
- intercourse
- incest
- rape
- sodomy
- exhibitionism
- commercial exploitation through prostitution or production of pornographic material
156
what is emotional abuse (psychological/verbal abuse/mental injury)
acts or omissions by parents or other caregivers that have caused, or could cause, serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems
157
are the four forms of child maltreatment done separately
often occur in combination but may be found separately
158
what combination of factors cause child maltreatment
- cultural norms
- characteristics of the family
- developmental characteristics of the child
159
what are family and family-associated characteristics that may contribute to child maltreatment
- parenting stress
- substance abuse
- social isolation
- single parenting
- poverty
160
physical abuse is linked to [higher or lower] of cognitive development and school engagement
lower
161
what are the consequences of maltreatment in childhood
- poor emotion regulation
- attachment problems
- problems in peer relations
- difficulty in adapting to school
162
what psychological problems are consequences of maltreatment in childhood
-- depression
- delinquency
- substance abuse
163
what is exposure to either physical or sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence linked to
increase in 13 to 18 year olds
- suicidal ideation,
- plans,
- attempts
164
what is experiencing early abuse and neglect in the first five years of life linked to
- more interpersonal problems
- lower academic achievement
*from childhood to their thirties*
165
what health issues are middle-aged adults who had experienced maltreatment during childhood linked to
- risk for diabetes
- lung disease
- malnutrition
- vision problems
166
Are the majority of people who were maltreated in childhood likely to abuse their own children
No
(75 percent)
167
what are two treatments that were effective in reducing child maltreatment of maltreating mothers and their one year old children
1. home visitation that emphasized improved parenting, coping with stress, increasing support for the mother
2. parent-infant psychotherapy that focused on improving maternal infant attachment
168
when does the rate of conflict between siblings decline
somewhat from ages 5 to 7
169
how much do 2 to 4 year old siblings have conflict with each others
once every 10 minutes
170
what are the three things that parents do one of when they encounter siblings having a verbal or physical confrontation
- intervene and try to help them resolve the conflict
- admonish or threaten them
- do nothing at all
171
what ages are the siblings of families where the parents will do nothing at all when there is sibling conflict
two siblings ages 2 to 5
172
what did Laurie Kramer say that are not good strategies when there is sibling conflict
not intervening and letting it escalate
173
what is the program More Fun with Sisters and Brothers
teaches 4 to 8 year old siblings social skills for developing positive interactions
174
what are among the skills taught in the program More Fun with Sisters and Brothers
- appropriately initiate play
- accept and refuse invitations to play
- take another persons perspective
- deal with angry feelings
- manage conflict
175
what do sibling relations include
- helping
- sharing
- teaching
- compromising
- playing
176
what can siblings act as
- emotional support
- communication partners
- rivals
177
what are sibling relationships in adolescence like
- not as close
- less intense
- more egalitarian
178
what does favoritism of one sibling linked to in the less favored sibling
- lower self esteem
- sadness
179
what are three important characteristics of Judy Dunn about sibling relationships
1. the emotional quality of the relationship
2. the familiarity and intimacy of the relationship
3. the variation in sibling relationships
180
what is the emotional quality of the relationship according to Judy Dunn's three important characteristics of sibling relationships
express intense emotions-both positive and negative-toward each other
(having mixed feelings towards eachother)
181
familiarity and intimacy of the relationship according to Judy Dunn's three important characteristics of sibling relationships is they typically know each other very well, intimacy suggests that they can either provide support or tease and undermine each other, depending on the situation
yes
182
in moral development what can a situation do
influence behavior
183
what is the variation in sibling relationships according to Judy Dunns three important characteristics of sibling relationships
describe relationship more positively than others do.
warm, affectionate ways
184
firstborns are concluded to be described as the most […], […], and […]
intelligent
achieving
conscientious
185
how are later borns described as
- most rebellious
- liberal
- agreeable
186
what are firstborns described as more of
- adult oriented
- helpful
- conforming
- self controlled
187
when the second child was born, what became of the mothers
- more negative
- coercive
- restraining
- played less with firstborn
188
what image have research presented of only children (1 child)
- often achievement-oriented
- display desirable personality characteristics
especially in comparison with later-borns and children of large families
189
what has researchcritiqued of the idea that brith order is a strong predictor of behavior
when all factors that influence behavior, birth order by itself has limited accuracy
190
what are important factors in children's lives that influence their behavior
- heredity
- models of competency or incompetence that parents present
- peer and school influences
- socioeconomic
- sociohistorical
- cultural variations
191
which country has the highest percentage of single parent families in the world
the US
192
more than half of U.S. mothers with a child under the age 5 are in, what?
labor force
193
the quantity of mothers that are in the labor force for children 6 to 17 years old is more than […]/thirds
two
194
what is important of the parents work regarding child development
nature of the parents' work rather than whether or not both parents work outside the home
195
did the mother or father have a negative association of unemployment on the adolescents health
of the fathers but not the mothers
196
what did Ann Crouter describe about parents and their experience at work
that parents bring their experiences at work into their homes
197
what are some of the conditions that parents work in that are more likely to be more irritable at home and engage in less effective parenting
- poor working conditions
- overtime work
- high levels of stress
- lack of autonomy at work
198
what are children (especially girls) who mothers are employed engage in less
gender stereotyping and have more egalitarian views of gender
199
what is the percentage of children that were born to married parents in the US that will experience their parents divorce
40 percent
200
when do many of the problems that children experience after parents divorce happen
date to before the divorce
201
do children with difficult temperament have problems coping with divorce
yes, the opposite is also true
202
what happens often to divorced mothers
- lose income
- experience increased workloads
- high rates of job instability
- high rates of moving
203
is there differences between children that grew with gay and lesbian parents compared to normal parents
- few differences growing up
- no differences in peer relationships
204
what do children from divorced families show than their counterparts in never divorced families
- poorer adjustment
- academic problems
- externalized problems (e.g. acting out)
-internalized problems (e.g. anxiety)
- less socially responsible
205
what do young adults of divorced families show
- less competent intimate relationships
- drop out
- sexually active at an earlier age
- drugs
- associate with antisocial peers
- low self esteem
- less securely attached to their partners
206
should parents stay together for the sake of their children
can be advantageous but not always
207
what is the reason that children may show problems in divorce
not he divorce itself but also to the marital conflict that led to it
208
The emotion security theory that was proposed to E. Mark Cumming and his colleagues is that children appraise marital conflict in terms of their sense of […] and […] in the family
Security
Safety
209
what types of marital conflict are there
positive - calmly discussing
negative - hostile environment
210
what happens in the two years following divorce
first - diminished parenting skills
second - restabilization has occurred + parenting skills have improved
211
In family processes can frequent visits by the noncustodial parent benefit the child
Yes
212
what do Higher-SES parents do
- developing children's initiative & capacity to delay gratification
- create home atmosphere in which children are more nearly equal participants and in which rules are discussed as opposed to being laid down in an authoritarian manner
- less likely to use physical punishment
- less directive and more conversational with their children
213
as children grow do they spend an increasing amount of time with their peers- (children of about the same age or maturity level)
Yes
214
children's peer groups function by provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family
Yes
215
what do good peer relations promote
normal socio emotional development
216
what do withdrawn child who are rejected by peers or are victimized and feel lonely at increased risk of
depression
217
children who are at increased risk for developing a number of problems, including delinquency and dropping out of school are [...] with their peers
aggressive
218
children of about age 3 prefer to spend time with […] sex rather than […] sex playmates
Same
Opposite
219
how do parents affect their children's peer relations through
- their interactions with their children
- how they manage their children's live
- opportunities they provide to their children
220
is play an important aspect of child development
yes
221
Freud and Erikson believe that children master their anxieties and conflicts
Yes
222
Can pent up tensions be released through play
Yes
223
what is play therapy
both allow the child to work off frustrations and to analyze the Childs conflicts and way of coping with them
224
Are children able express their true feelings during play
Yes
225
who concluded that play is the childs work
Piaget and Vygotsky
226
what did Piaget believe about play
- cognitive structures need to be exercised
- practice their competencies and acquired skills in a relaxed, pleasurable way
-
227
what did Vygotsky believe about play
- excellent setting for cognitive development
- (he) interested in the symbolic and make-believe aspects of play
- imaginary play
228
what did Daniel Berlyne describe play as
- exciting
- pleasurable in itself because it satisfies our exploratory drive
229
what does the exploratory drive involve in Daniel Berlyne belief of play
- curiosity
- quest for information about something new and unusual
230
how does play encourage exploratory behavior according to Daniel Berlyne
offering child the possibilities of
- novelty
- complexity
- uncertainty
- surprise
- incongruity
231
what has play been described as an important context for the development of
language and communication skills
232
what are the most widely studied types of children's play
- sensorimotor & practice play
- pretense/symbolic play
- social play
- constructive play
- games
233
what is sensorimotor play
behavior that allows infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes
234
what is practice play
involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games and sports
235
what is pretense/symbolic play
the child transforms the physical environment in to a symbol
236
what is social play
play that involves social interactions with peers
237
what is constructive play
play that combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas. Constructive play occurs when children engage in self-regulated creation or construction a product or a problem solution
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what are games
activities engaged in for pleasure that include rules and often involve competition between two or more individuals
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between what ages do children increasingly use objects in symbolic play
9 and 30 months
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when does pretense/symbolic play often appear
18 months
reaches peak at 4 to 5
gradually declines
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does social play increase
yes, dramatically during the preschool years
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what interchanges does social play include
- varied interchanges such as turn taking
- conversations about numerous topics
- social games and routines
- physical play
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does constructive play increase and decrease
yes
- increases in preschool years as symbolic play increases and sensorimotor play decreases
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when do games have a stronger role in the lives of
elementary school children
between ages 10 and 12
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who is concerned about about the reduced amount of free play time that young children have at home and school
- Kathy Hirsh-Pasek
- Roberta Golinkoff
- Dorothy Singer
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what is screen time
encompasses the time individuals spend watching/using television, DVDs, and computers
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what do children do on computers
- playing videos games
- using hand held electronic devices such as smartphones
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during what years was there a dramatic increase in young children's use of mobile devices
2011 to 2013
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how many hours do 2 to 4 yearly children approximately watch TV
2 to 4 hours per day
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how much percentage of US children's screen time was spent in front of TV sets
50 percent
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how many hours does the American Association of Pedriatics recommend that 2 to 5 year olds watch TV a day
no more than one hour of TV a day
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what does the AAP (American Association of Pediatrics reccomedn that children view on TV
high quality programs
- Sesame Street
- other PBS shows for young children
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what type of media exposure is linked to higher levels of prosocial behavior and empathetic concern
prosocial media
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what negative influence does having too much screen time have on children
- make passive learners
- distract form homework
- teach stereotypes
- violent models of aggression
- showing unrealistic views
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what are concerns about young children engaging in too much screen time
- decrease play
- less interact w/ peers
- reduced physical activity
- poor sleep habits
- increased risk of being overweight or obese
- higher rates of aggression
256
what was TV viewing associated with
lower levels of cognitive development in early childhood
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viewing as little as one hour of television daily between kindergarteners and first grade had an [increase or decrease] in BMI
increase
258
what has greater exposure to TV violence, video game violence, music video violence independently associated with
higher level of physical aggression
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what has a higher degree of parental monitoring of children's media linked to
positive outcomes in children's lives (more sleep, better school performance, less aggressive behavior, more prosocial behavior)
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if parents reduce their screen time what do children do
also decrease screen time
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The end of infancy is from the end of […] to about […] or […] years of age
Infancy
5
6
