Chapter 3; Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy Flashcards
1
Q
cephalocaudal pattern is a a sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the […]- the head-with physical growth in size weight, and differentiation of features gradually working their way […] from top to bottom
A
top
down
shoulders, middle trunk and so on
2
Q
the proximodistal pattern is a sequence in which growth starts at the […] of the body and moves toward the […]
A
center
extremities
3
Q
in what areas does the cephalocaudal pattern grow
A
the eyes and brain-grow faster than the lower parts, such as the jaw
e.g. head area, as the top parts of the head-
4
Q
according to the cephalocaudal pattern the […] and […] systems generally proceed in developing
A
sensory
motor
5
Q
according to the proximodistal pattern what is an example of what the baby can move first
A
e.g. infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands, and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers
6
Q
episodic growth in infants means they growth is occurring in […], [is or is not] smooth, and is it continuous or no
A
spurts
not
yes continuous
7
Q
what is another name for nerve cells
A
neurons
8
Q
does brain development continue after birth?
A
yes, extensive brain development continues after birth, through infancy, and later
9
Q
A baby head should be protected because the brain is […] so rapidly in infancy
A
developing
10
Q
shaken baby syndrome is when the brain […], and there is [….]
A
swells
hemorrhaging
when baby is shaken
11
Q
at birth babies brain weighs.a […]th percent of its adult weight
A
25
12
Q
the weight of a babies brain by their second birthday is […] percent of its adult weight
A
75 not mature uniformly
13
Q
What does EEG stand for
A
electroencephalogram
14
Q
electroencephalogram is the measure of the brains […] activity to learn about the […] development in infancy
A
electrical
brain
15
Q
the positive effects of high quality mother-infant interaction early in infancy causes a higher quality of the […] lobe functioning
A
frontal
16
Q
what does fNIRS stand for
A
functional near-infrared spectroscopy
17
Q
fNIRS uses very [high or low] levels of […]-[…] light to monitor changes in blood […]
A
low
near infrared
oxygen
18
Q
the forebrain is the [closest or farthest] from the spinal cord and it includes the […] cortex, and several structures behind it
A
farthest
cerebral
19
Q
the cerebral cortex covers the […] like a wrinkled cap
A
forebrain
20
Q
the four main lobes found in the cerebral cortex are the […] lobe, […] lobe. […] lobe. and the […]
A
frontal
occipital
temporal
parietal
21
Q
how many hemispheres are there?
A
two halves in the brain
22
Q
are the two hemisphere identical?
A
not identical in anatomy or function
23
Q
what is lateralization
A
the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other; both needed for the complex functions
24
Q
when do newborns show greater electrical brain activity in the left than in the right
A
when listening to speech sounds
25
at birth the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex have started to specialize
true
26
the [left or right] hemisphere is used when focusing in language, speech, and grammar
left
in most people
27
the [left or right] hemisphere is used when focusing on appropriate language used in different contexts, and the use of metaphor and humor
right hemisphere
28
complex functions are directed by which hemisphere
both sides communicate
29
a neuron is a [..] cell that handles […] processing
nerve
information
30
an axon is a [...] that carries signals [...] from the cell body
fiber
away
31
dendrites are a [...] carrying signals [...] the neuron
fiber
signals
32
myelin sheath is layer of [...] cells encases many [...]
fat
axons
33
what do neurons send
electrical and chemical signals
*communicate with eachother*
34
what are the two types of fibers that extend from a neurons cell body
axons and dendrites
35
the purpose of the myelin sheath is to provide [...], help electrical signals travel [...] down the axon, providing [...] to neurons, and facilitating [...]
insulation
faster
energy
communication
36
neurotransmitters are terminal [...] at end of axon that release [...] (neurotransmitters)
buttons
chemicals
37
synapses are tiny [...] between neurons
gaps
38
when axons and dendrites connect there are chemical interactions in the synapses that allow [...] to pass from one neuron to another
information
39
is the first process of myelination is of encasing […] with fat cells, which will […] up neural transmissions. The expansion of dendritic connections facilitates the spreading of neural […] in infant development
Axons
Speed
pathways
40
the myelination process begins […] continues in […] and […]
prenatal
childhood
adolescence
41
the second process of myelination is for neuron connectivity to [increase or decrease] which will creating new neuron pathways and allow for new dendrites to […], ] the connections among dendrites [increase or decrease] and synaptic connections between axons and dendrites […]
Increase
Grow
increase
proliferate
42
what happens to synaptic connections that are never used
replaced by other pathways or disappear
43
what happens to synaptic connections that are used
become stronger and survive/"pruned"
44
what happens in the prefrontal cortex
- higher level thinking
- self regulation occur
- peak of overproduction occurs at just over 3 years of age until middle to late adolescence where adult density of synapses is achieved
45
what is thought to influence the timing and course of synaptic overproduction and subsequent retraction
heredity and environment
46
myelination occurs and get completed for visual pathways rapidly after […] it is completed in the first […] months
birth
6
47
myelination gets completed for auditory pathways until […] or […] years of age
4
5
48
what inflowing streams of sense help shape neural connections in the environment of early experience and the brain
- sights
- sounds
- smells
- touches
- language
- eye contact
49
growing up in a deprived environment is connected with depressed brain activity
yes
50
what happen when the brain looses brain tissue
it recovers and adapts
51
brain development depends on context
Yes
52
does the brain have plasticity
yes
53
the neuroconstructivist view are […] processes (e.g. genes) and […] conditions (e.g. enriched or impoverished) capable of influencing the brains development in two ways
biological
environmental
54
what is the first way in the neuroconstructivist view that is believed to influence the brains development
the brain has plasticity and is context dependent
55
the second way that the neuroconstructivist views has influence on the brains development is that the development of the brain and the child’s […] development are closely linked
Cognitive
56
the neurocontructivist view emphasizes interactions between […] and gene […] in the brains development as important (such as epigenetic view proposes)
experiences
Expressions
57
what does REM stand for
Rapid Eye Movement
58
what is REM thought to do in infancy
promote infants brain development
59
what does SIDS stand for
sudden infant death syndrome
60
what is SIDS
- infant stops breathing
(usually during night)
-dies
61
how many annual deaths has SIDS caused
2,000
62
[…] to […] months is the period of infancy where SIDS risk is the highest
2 to 4 months
63
what reduces the risk of SIDS
sleeping on their backs
64
why does sleeping on their back decrease chances of SIDS
- access to fresh air
- reduces chances of getting overheated
65
what can abnormal brain stem function involving the neurotransmitter serotonin cause in infants
SiDS
66
what does the gene mutation of heart arrhythmias cause in infants
SIDS (10 to 15 percent)
67
infants that are […] […] are less likely to have get SIDS
breast fed
68
to which infants are SIDS more common
- second hand smoke
- low birth weight infants
- African American infants
- Eskimo infants
- exposed to cigarette smoke
- sleep with/same bed as parents
- bedroom with no fan
69
what are two factors that best predict SIDS
- maternal smoking
- bed sharing
70
what does infant sleep positively benefit in cognitive development
- better memory
- language
- executive function
71
what does the link between infant sleep and children's cognitive function bring
- brain maturation
- memory consolidation
(improves daytime alertness + learning)
72
infants who had more sleeping problems had emotional […] at […] to […] years of age, there attention had […] functioning in elementary school
dysregulation
2
3
poor
73
during the first six months where does the infant obtain nutrients and energy
- human milk
- alternative formula
74
the benefits of breast feeding in the first two years of life included […] weight gain, a [higher or reduced] risk of child and adult obesity, fewer […] infections, fewer […] tract infections, a small increase in child […], protects against […] (may or may not prevent asthma), and [more or fewer] eat, throat, and sinus infections
appropriate
reduced
gastrointestinal
respiratory
small
wheezing
fewer
75
what benefit does breast feeding bring to mothers
- reduction of hospitalization for cardiovascular functioning
- lower incidence of breast cancer
- reduction in ovarian cancer
76
when should a woman not breastfeed?
- having AIDS
- infectious disease that can be transmitted
- active tuberculosis
- taking drugs
77
what are the types of research done on breast feeding vs bottle fed babies
correlational studies
78
what types of environments do infants need
- nutritional
- supportive
- nurturing
79
when an infant is develops, their nutritional supply helps strengthen and aid coordination required for […] development
strength and coordination required for motor development
80
The dynamic systems theory is the perspective on […] development that seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for […]and […] in infants
motor
perceiving
acting
81
what does perceiving and acting refer to in the dynamic systems theory
perceiving - perceive something in their environment that motivates them to act
perception - fine-tune their movements
(represent pathways to infants goals)
82
"tune" for an infant are repeated cycles of […] then perception of the […] of those actions
(using motor skills)
action
consequences
83
according to the dynamic systems, an infant promotes motor development by the infant actively putting together a skill in order to achieve a […] within the constraints set by the infants body and environment
goal
84
reflexes are built in […] to stimuli, […] carried survival mechanisms that are […] and […].
reactions
genetically
automatic
involuntary
*e.g. when immersed in water, the baby automatically holds its breath and contracts its throat to keep water out*
85
the stimulant for the rooting reflex is having the […] stroked or the side of the […] touched
cheek
mouth
86
the infants response to having its cheek stroked or side of mouth touched according to its rooting reflex is turning its […], opening its […], and beginning to […]
head
mouth
sucking
87
the rooting reflex disappears in […] to […] months
3
4
88
what is the sucking reflex stimulant
object put in their mouth
89
what is the infants response to an object touching their mouth
sucks automatically
side note: allows newborns to get nourishment before they have associated a nippe with food
90
the sucking reflex disappears in […] to […] months
3
4
91
the Moro (startle) reflex stimulant is sudden […], such as hearing loud […] or being[…]
stimulation
noise
dropped
92
when a sudden stimulation such as hearing a loud noise or being dropped happens to an infant they
- startled
- arches back
- throws head back
- flings out arms and legs
- rapidly closes them to center of body
93
The Moro (startle) reflex disappears at […] to […] months
3
4
94
The blinking reflex in an infant stimulant is stimulated by a flash of […] or puff of […]
light
air
95
what is the infants response to the blinking reflex
closes both eyes
96
when does the blinking reflex disappear
permanent
97
the Babinski reflex stimulant in an infant is when the sole of the foot is […]
stroked
98
the infants response to having the sole of foot stroked is to […] out the toes and to […] the foot in
fans
twist
99
the Babinski reflex disappears after […] months to […] year
9
1
100
what is the grasping reflex stimulation
palms touched
101
what is the infants response when its palms are touched
grasps tightly with hand
102
the grasping reflex disappears in an infant after […] months when it weakens and it disappears after […] year
3
1
103
what is the stimulant for the stepping reflex
infant held above surface and feet lowered to touch surface
104
what is the infants response to the stepping reflex
moves feet as if to walk
105
the stepping reflex disappears from […] to […] months
3
4
106
what is the stimulant in the swimming reflex in infants
infant being put face down in water
107
what is the infants response to being put face down in water
make coordinated swimming movements
108
the swimming reflex disappear in infants from […] to […] months
6
7
109
the tonic reflex stimulant is when the infant is placed on their […]
back
110
the infants response to being placed on back from the tonic neck reflex is to forms […] with both hands and usually turns head to the […] (sometimes called the "fencer's pose" because the infant looks like it is assuming a fencers position)
fists
Right
111
what are some reflexes that persist through life
- coughing
- sneezing
- blinking
- shivering
- yawning
112
what are gross motor skills
skills that involve large-muscle activities
(moving ones arms and walking)
113
infants can sit independently until they are […] or […] months of age
6
7
114
when walking upright what are closely linked together
locomotion and postural control
115
what is linked to reaching motor milestone early at birth
larger birth size;
- birth
- weight
- birth length
- head circumference
- breastfeeding
increase in size;
- weight increase
- length
- head
116
what development occurs in the second year
motor skills are honed and continue to be used
117
what is fine motor skills
involve finely tuned movements
(e.g. using spoon, finger dexterity)
118
what is sensation in infants
occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors
- eyes
- ears
- tongue
- nostril
- skin
119
what does the sensation of hearing mean
occurs when waves of pulsating air are collected by the outer ear and transmitted through the bones of the inner ear to the auditory nerve
120
how does the sensation of vision occur
rays of light contact the
- eyes
- become focused on the retina
- transmitted by the optic nerve
- to the visual centers of the brain
121
what does perception mean
interpretation of what is sensed
122
Gibsons ecological view is when we directly perceive information that exists in
the world and around us
123
what is the visual preference method that researchers use to study infant perception
measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli, method developed by Fantz to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another
124
what does habituation mean when researchers study infant perception
decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus
125
what does dishabituation mean when researchers study infant perception
recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation
126
what does videotape allow research when studying infant perception
investigate elusive behaviors
127
what do high speed computers make possible for researcher to study about infant perception
perform complex data analysis in minutes
128
what do other equipment record when researchers study infant perception
- respiration
- heart rate
- body movement
- visual fixation
- sucking behavior
(provide clues to what the infant is perceiving)
129
what can eye tracking equipment evaluate
an infants early visual ability
130
what is a newborns vision on the Snellen eye examination chart
20/600
20 - newborn
600 - adult
131
what is a 6 month olds vision on the Snellen eye chart
20/40
132
what is possibly the most important visual stimuli in a children's social environment
faces
133
why are faces possibly the most important visual stimuli in a childs social environment
to extract key information from other faces
134
since when do infants show in interest in faces
since birth
135
toddlers can discriminate among some colors as early as […] years or typically by […] weeks
early as 4 y/o or typically by 8 weeks
136
At about […] months infants start perceiving that occluded objects are whole
2
137
during the last two months of pregnancy what sense can the fetus use
hearing
138
Since infants are [more or less] sensitive to low pitched sounds are they [more or less] likely to hear high pitched sounds
Less
More
139
newborns who received regular gentle tactile stimulation as fetuses were more likely to have [easier or more difficult] temperament than their counterparts
Easy
140
can newborns feel pain
yes, especially when circumsciced without anesthesia
141
what benefit does kangaroo care have on newborns
ver effective in reducing neonatal pain
142
can new borns differentiate among odors
yes
143
do newborns have sensitivity to tastes
yes even before birth
144
intermodal perception is integrating information from […] or more […] modalities
Two
sensory
(e.g. vision and hearing) *most perception is intermodal*
145
what are nativists
in the field of perceptual development who emphasize nature
*the ability to perceive the world in a competent, organized way is inborn and innate*
146
empiricists are in the field of perceptual development who emphasize […] and […]
Learning
Experience
147
the central theme of the ecological approach Is the interplay between […] and […]
Perception
Action
148
the ecological approach (interplay between perception and action) refer to action can guide perception and perception can guide action
Yes
149
the bases of Piagets theory is that […] and […] sculpt cognitive development
biology
Experience
150
what does adaption mean
adjusting to new environmental demands
151
what are schemes according to Piagets processes of development
action schemes or mental schemes
representations that organize knowledge
152
according to Piagets theory what type of scheme do infants and toddler/older children create
infants - behavioral schemes (psychical activities)
toddlers/older children - mental schemes (cognitive activities)
153
assimilation according to Piagets cognitive development theory occurs when children use their […] schemes to deal with new information or experiences
Existing
154
what is accommodation according to Piqgets cognitive development theory
occurs when children adjust their scheme to account for new information and experiences
155
what does organization mean according to Piagets cognitive development theory
concept of grouping isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher order, more smoothly functioning cognitive system
156
what does sensorimotor stage mean in Piagets theory
the first stage (lasts from birth to 2 years of age)
- during this stage, infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motoric actions
157
disequilibrium in Piagets theory is when the child is constantly inevitably experiencing cognitive […] ( to their existing schemes)
Conflict
158
how many stages are in Piagets process of development
four
159
what does object permanence mean according to Piaget terms
term for understanding that objects and events continue to exist, even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched
160
what does A-not-B error mean
this term is used to describe the tendency infants to reach where an object was located earlier rather than where the object was last hidden
(might be due to a failure in memory)
161
core knowledge approach means when the infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems
Yes
162
the downside to Piagets theory is that he greatly […] the cognitive abilities of infants, especially young infants
underestimated
163
deli mental cognitive neuroscience is exploring connections between […], […], and […]
Brain
cognition
Development
164
what is Skinner's theory of operant conditioning mean
consequences of a behavior influence the probability of the behaviors recurrence
165
Carolyn Rover-Collier demonstrated that infants can retain information from the experience of being […]
Conditioned
166
what does attention mean
the focusing of mental resources on select information, improves cognitive processing on many tasks
167
what does joint attention mean
process that occurs when (1) individuals focus on the same object and track each others behavior (e.g. following someones gaze), (2) one individual directs another's attention and (3) reciprocal interaction takes place
168
what are closely linked with attention
process of habituation and dishabituation
169
joint attention problems as early as 8 months of age indicate having a link to being diagnosed with […] by […] years of age
autism
7
170
what benefit does joint attention bring to infant development
- ability to learn from other people
- better sustain attention
- memory
- self regulation
- executive function
171
according to Meltzoff are an infants imitative abilities hardwired responses
no, rather involve flexibility and adaptability
172
deferred imitation occurs after a time […] of hours or days
Delay
*does not occur until about 18 months*
173
memory according to Meltzoffs study of infant development involves the retention of […] over time
Information
174
implicit memory means memory without […] recollection- memories of skills and routines procedures that are performed […]
conscious
Automatically
175
explicit memory means […] memory of […] and […]
conscious
Facts
Experiences
176
what is amnesia infantile or childhood amnesia
inability of human adults to remember episodic experiences that occurred during the first few years of life (generally 0-3 years) and the tendency to have sparse recollection of episodic experiences that occurred before age 8 to 9
177
childhood amnesia occurs because the […] lobes of the brain are immature and the […] is believed to play an important role in storing […] of events
prefrontal
prefrontal
memories
178
concepts are cognitive groups of similar…
objects,
events,
people,
or ideas
179
do infants have concepts
yes but don't know how early concepts form
*perceptual categorization as young as 3 months of age*
180
what does perceptual categorization mean
categorization based on similar
- size
- color
- movement
- parts of object
- legs for animals
181
until about […] to […] months infants make conceptual conceptions
7
9
182
what is language
form of communication-whether spoken, written, or signed-that is based on a system of symbols
183
infinite generatively is the ability to produce and comprehend an […] number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules set of words and rules
Endless
184
what does crying in babies signal
distress
185
cooing in babies is about […] to […] months . It is […] sounds and is made in the back of the […] during interaction
2
4
gurgling
pleasure
186
babbling in babies is when they produce strings of consonant vowel combinations such as
Ba Ba
187
when infants lack babbling noises linked to a risk of having future […] and […] problems
speech
language
188
what do gestures do infants make between 8 to 12 months
show and point
189
when infants do not point (and make gestures) it is a significant indicator of problems in the infants […] system
communication
190
at what age is a babies brain most open to learning the sounds of a native language
- begins at 6 months with vowels
- 9 months for consonants
191
Richard Aslin emphasized that statistical learning- which involves no instruction, reinforcement, or feedback- is a powerful learning mechanism in infant development
Yes
192
do infants understand words
infants understand words before they can produce or speak them
* e.g. as early as 5 months many recognize their name, first word isn't until usually 10 to 15 months*
193
what does receptive vocabulary mean
words the child understands
194
what does spoken vocabulary mean
words the child uses
195
what does vocabulary spurt mean
rapid increase in vocabulary that begins at approximately 18 months old (varies in age)
196
what does infant vocabulary development at 16 to 24 months link to
- vocabulary
- phonological awareness
- reading accuracy
- reading comprehension five years later
197
what are two word utterances between 18 to 24 months of age
two words used to convey meaning
- relies heavily on gesture
- tone
- context
198
telegraphic speech is the use of short […] words, […] grammatical markers
Precise
Without
199
what is the typical language milestone at birth
crying
200
what is the typical language milestone at 2 to 4 months
cooing
201
what is the typical language milestone at 5 months
understands first words
202
hat is the typical language milestone at 6 months
babbling begins
203
what is the typical language milestone at 6 to 12 months
change from universal linguist to language specific listener
204
what is the typical language milestone at 8 to 12 months
uses gestures
- showing
- pointing
- comprehension of words appears
205
what is the typical language milestone at 13 months
first word spoken
206
what is the typical language milestone at 18 months
vocabulary spurt starts
207
what is the typical language milestone at 18 to 24 months
uses two-word utterances
rapid expansion of understanding of words
208
what are the biological influences that promote the ability to speak and understand language
- certain vocal apparatus
- nervous system with specific capabilities
209
the two regions in the brain involved with language was first discovered in studies of brain-damaged individuals. The first area is the […] area in the left […] lobe of the brain that is involved in producing […]. The second region is the […] area; the region of the brains left hemisphere that is involved in […] comprehension
broca's
frontal
Words
wernicke's
language
210
aphasia is the […] or […] of language processing
loss
impairment
211
damage to the Broca's area produce difficulty producing […] but can comprehend what others say
Speech
212
damage to the Wernicke's area causes poor […] and often produce fluent but […] pseech
comprehension
nonsensical
213
language acquisition device (LAD) according to Linguist Noam Chomsky is biological endowment that enables the child to detect the various […] and […] of language
Features
Rule
214
what environmental influences play a part in infant language learning
social cues
215
child-directed speech is also called […], which is language spoken in a [higher or lower] pitch, [faster or slower] tempo, and with more […] intonation than normal, with simple words and sentences
parantese
Higher
slower
exaggerated
216
what is the function of using child-directed speech
- capturing the infants attention
- maintaining communication
- social interaction
217
recasting means when an adult […] something the child has said that might lack the appropriate morphology or contain some other error
rephrases
218
what does labelling mean
naming objects that children seem interested in
219
what are ways that parents can facilitate their children's language development
- be an active conversational partner
- narrate your daily activities to the baby as you do them
- talk in a slowed-down pace and don’t worry about how you sound to other adults when you talk to your baby
- use parent-look and parent-gesture, and name what you are looking at
- when you talk with infants and toddlers, be simple, concrete , and repetitive
- play games
- expand and elaborate language abilities and horizons with infants and toddlers
220
does a childs experience influence language acquisition
yes, and has strong biological foundations
221
what patterns do most growing developments are follow
cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns
222
growth in the first year is […] but the rate […] in the second year
Rapid
Slows
223
how many calories do infants need to consume per day for each pound they weigh
50 calories
224
Chomsky argues that children are born with the ability to detect […] features and rules of […]
Basic
Language
225
what does that cephalocaudal pattern mean
developmental sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top - the head- with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom
226
what is the average American newborn length and weight
- 20 inches long
- weighs 7.6 lb
227
how many inches do the babies grow per month during the first year
1 inch
228
new born weight is ...
episodic
229
the brains development is
- rapid and extensive growth during infancy and later on
230
how many lobes does the brain have
four lobes
231
is the pace of myelination constant
no, it varies
232
what is the frontal lobe involved in
- voluntary movement
- thinking
- personality
- intentionality or purpose
233
what is the occipital lobe involved in
vision
234
what do the temporal lobes have an active role in
- hearing
- language processing
- memory
235
what does the parietal lobe have a role in
- registering spatial location
- attention
- motor controls
236
what happens when there is damage to the lobes
- aphasia
- language ability loss
237
what benefit does sleep have
- replenishes and rebuilds the brain and body
- restorative function
- clearing out waste in neural tissue
- increases synaptic connections between neurons
238
how much do typical newborns sleep
approximately 16 to 17 hours a day
239
what type of infant sleep-related problems affect the 15 to 25% that do
- night time waking
- linked to separation distress, anxiety
240
SIDS is likely in infants with;
- heart arrhythmia
- sleep apnea, low birth weight
- who do not use a pacifier when they go to sleep
- whose siblings have died of SIDS
- lower socioeconomic groups
passively exposed to cigarette smoke, maternal smoking
- who share the same bed with parents or sleep on soft
241
what happens to infants eating habits as motor skills improve
- from using suck-and swallow to chew-and-swallow movements
(can eat semisolid and then complex foods)
242
what is the most common "vegetable" fed to 15 month olds
French fries
243
severe protein malnutrition during infancy cause […] deficits that persist to […] age from […]
Attention
Middle
Infancy
244
245
Piagets, first stage, the sensorimotor stage lasts from […] to […] years old
Birth
2
