Chapter 2; biological beginnings Flashcards
1
Q
the evolutionary perspective involves […] selection and […] behavior. as well as […] psychology
A
natural
adaptive
evolutionary
2
Q
during the embryonic period the rate of cell differentiation […], […] systems for cells form, and organs […]
A
intensifies
support
develop
3
Q
an embryo is a […] of cells with […] layers
A
mass
three
4
Q
the inner layer of cells in an embryo during the embryonic period form the […], which will develop into the […] and […] system
A
endoderm
digestive
respiratory
internal body parts
5
Q
the outermost layer of cells during the embryonic period forms the […] which will become the […] system, [..] receptors (ears, nose, and eye, e.g.) and […] parts (e.g. hair and nails)
A
ectoderm
nervous
sensory
skin
primarily produces surface parts
6
Q
the middle layer of cells in the embryonic period form the […] which will become the […] system, […], […], […] system, and […] system
A
mesoderm
Circulatory
Bones
Muscles
Excretory
Reproductive
primarily produces parts that surround the internal areas
7
Q
in the evolutionary perspective, natural selection is the evolutionary process by which individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones to survive and reproduce
A
yes
8
Q
adaptive behavior according to the evolutionary perspective promotes an organisms […] in the natural habitat, because an organism possesses characteristics needed for survival
A
survival
9
Q
What is evolutionary psychology emphasizes the importance of […] and […] to ensure survival
A
adaption
reproduction
10
Q
chromosomes found the […] of each human […]
A
nucleus
cell
11
Q
do offspring that adapt, develop behaviors, and possess self protective traits survive
A
yes
12
Q
What are the genetic foundations of development ?
A
- genes and chromosomes
- genetic principles
- chromosomal and gene-linked abnormalities
13
Q
chromosomes are […] like structures located in the nucleus and are made up of […] acid
A
thread
deoxyribonucleic
14
Q
DNA are complex […]-[…] modules that contain […] code or information
A
double helix
genetic
“human genetic code is carried in fertilized egg and passed down to make humans”
15
Q
genes (short segments from DNA) are units of […] information composed of […]. they help cells to […] themselves and manufacture the […] that maintain lief
A
heredity
DNA
reproduce
proteins
+ each gene has its designated place on a particular chromosome
16
Q
proteins are the […] blocks of cells + […] that direct the bodies processes
A
building
regulators
17
Q
does a person have more proteins or genes
A
appear more proteins than genes
18
Q
the Human Genome project lead to the genome wide association method where it identified […] variations linked to a particular disease, linkage analysis which helped discover the location of a […] or […] in relation to a marker gene, and the project is also used in the search for […]-related genes
A
genetic
gene
genes
disease
19
Q
the genome wide association method identify […] variations linked to a particular disease
A
genetic
20
Q
Are genes dependent
A
yes
21
Q
bandura had a social […] theory that evolution influences human […]
A
cogntiive
adaption
22
Q
we obtain bodily […] and biological […] from evolution
A
structures
potentialities
but does not dictate behavior
23
Q
How many genes are in human genome?
A
approx. 20, 000 genes
genes collar with each other and non-genetic factors both inside and outside the body
24
Q
what in an individuals environment negatively affects gene expression?
A
negative influence on gene expression
- stress
- exercise
- respiration
- nutrition
- radiation
- temperature
- lack of sleep
25
radiation exhibit gene expression by changing the [...] of DNA synthesis
rate
26
sleep deprivation can affect gene expression negatively by [increasing or decreasing inflammation, expression of [...] related genes and [...] of protein function
increases
stress
impairment
27
Do all cells in the body have chromosomes
what are the exceptions
yes
except sperm and egg
(46 chromosomes in 23 pairs)
28
a mutated gene occurs by [...] by the cellular machinery
mistake
damage by environment agent (e.g. radiation)
29
Mitosis is the cellular [...] in which the cell's nucleus [...] itself into two new cells. each cell contains the [...] DNA as parent cell
reproduction
duplicates
same
30
in meiosis men testes and woman ovaries [...] chromosomes but then divides [...] each, to form [...] cells, each of which only have half of the material of the parent cell. at end each egg and sperm have 23 unpaired chromosomes
duplicates
twice
four
31
fertilization is the [...] stage when [...] and [...] fuse to create a zygote
reproductive
egg
sperm
32
[...] is when a single cell is formed through fertilization
zygote
(has 46 chromosomes (23 each) that have paired themselves from man and woman
33
exercise negatively affects gene expression through a process called [...] which is when tiny atoms attach themselves to the outside of a gene making it more or less capable or receiving and responding to biochemical signals from the body. (behavior but not the structure is changed)
methylation
34
can an X-linked inheritance affect both the man and woman?
yes
woman; XX
man; XY
## Footnote
woman with fragile X syndrome are left with one X but the X by itelf overrides it. A man with no X (Klinefelter syndome) are more womanly and underdeveloped
35
a woman with fragile X syndrome are left with only one X but the X by itself [...] it.
A man with no X has the [...] syndrome, and are more [...] and [...]-developed
override
Klinefelter
womanly
under
36
tobacco and diet can affect gene behavior through process of [...] (change behavior but not structure)
methylation
37
since methylation may be bad for the body it may be involved in depression, [...] cancer, and attention deficit [...] disorder
breast
hyperactivity
38
what can genes be thought of
collaborative + enduring
39
can hormones affect genes
how
yes
(environmental factors)
hormones can turn "on" and "off" genes after making their way into the cell
40
meiosis is cell division forming eggs and sperm or [...[
gametes
41
a source of variability in genes and chromosomes is a unique zygote when combining parents' [...] sets of genes which [...] genetic variability in offspring
two
increases
42
a mutated gene is a permanently [...] segment of [...]
altered
DNA
43
susceptibility genes make the individual more [...] to specific [...] or [...] aging
vulnerable
disease
accelerated
44
longevity genes make the individual [..] vulnerable to certain disease and more likely to live to an [...] age
less
older
45
a genotype is a persons [...] material
genetic
46
phenotype is how an individuals genotype is expressed in [...] and [...] physical and psychological characteristics *how you look and act based on environment and genes*
observable
measurable
47
expression is influenced by environmental factors
yes environment can effect the way you look (expression)
e.g. genetic potential for height may be stunted by lack of access to proper nutrition
48
genetic principle determines how a [...] is expressed to create a particular [...]
genotype
phenotype
49
the dominant-recessive gene principle states that one gene of a pair always [...] its effects, [...] the potential influence of the other gene
exerts
overriding
50
sex linked genes are when a mutated gene is carried on the [...] chromosome, the result is called X-linked inheritance, and when most X-linked inherited diseases manifest in [...] who only have one X chromosome
X
males
51
genetic imprinting occurs when the **[...] of a gene has different effects** depending on whether the gene is passed on by [...] or [...], and chemical process *[...] one member of the gene pair from expressing itself*
expression
mother
father
preventing
52
polygenic inheritance is when many [...] genes are [..] plus environmental influence determine a characteristic, or developing disease and gene-gene interaction which are studies focusing on the [...] of two or more genes in influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases, and development
different
interacting
adding
interdependence
53
Down syndrome has an [...] chromosome (21 more than common)
extra
54
an extra chromosome causes mild to severe [...] disabilities and [...] abnormalities
intellectual
physical
55
to treat Down syndrome there is […], […] intervention, infant […], […] learning programs
surgery
early
stimulation
special
1 in 1.900 briths at age 20
1 in 300 births at age 35
1 in 30 births at age 45
56
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) is an [...] X chromosome (instead of XY its XXY). is this a sex linked chromosomal linked to females or males
extra
males
57
an extra X chromosome causes [...] and [...] issues to a man. it also causes underdeveloped [...], enlarged [...], and being [...]
physical
intellectual
testes,
breasts,
tall
58
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) can be treated through [...] therapy
Hormone
1 in 1.000 male births
59
fragile X syndrome is an [...] in the X chromosome where it is [...] and often breaks. is it more common in females or males
Abnormality
constricts
males
60
an abnormality in the X chromosome for fragile X syndrome causes [...] disability, a [...] disability (aka autism), [...] attention span
intellectual
learning
short
61
to treat fragile X syndrome there is [...] education, and [...] and [...] therapy. it is more common among [females or males]
special,
speech
language
males
62
turner syndrome (X0) is a [...] X chromosome in females
missing
63
a missing X chromosome in females causes [...] disabilities and sexual [...]
intellectual
underdevelopment
64
to treat turner syndrome [...] therapy in childhood and puberty
hormone
1 in 2.500 female births
65
XYY syndrome is when a male has an [...] Y chromosome
extra
66
an extra Y chromosome can cause [...] average height
above
67
how to treat XYY syndrome
no special treatment required
1 in 1,000 male births
68
cystic fibrosis is [...] dysfunction where there is excessive thick [...], [...] problems, [...] digestion; which results in a [...] life span
glandular
mucus
breathing
blocked
shorter
* 1 in 2,000 births*
69
treat cystic fibrosis there is [...] and [...] therapy, [...] enzymes, [...]; most live to [...] age
physical
oxygen
synthetic
antibiotics
middle
70
when the glandular dysfunctions and interferes with mucus production; [...] and [...] are hampered which [...] life span
breathing
digestion
shortens
71
diabetes is when the body does not produce enough [...]
insulin
*1 in 2,500 births*
72
when the body does not produce enough insulin it causes abnormal metabolism of [...]
sugar
73
early onset of diabetes can be […] unless treated with […]
fatal
insulin
74
hemophilia is the delayed [...] clotting
blood
*1 in 10,000 males*
75
delayed blood cutting causes internal or external bleeding
both
76
to treat hemophilia blood [...]/[...] can reduce or prevent damage due to internal bleeding
transfusions
injections
1 in 10k males
| 1 in 10k males
77
how does root word hemo mean
blood
78
what does Philip mean
love
79
Huntington's disease is when the [...] [...] system [...]
central
nervous
deteriorates
*1 in 20,000 births*
| gene-linked
80
when the central nervous system deteriorates it produces problems in [...] [...] and [...] [...]
muscle
coordination
mental deterioration
81
Huntingtons disease doesn't usually appear until age [...] or older; death likely [...] to [...] years after symptoms appear
35
10
20
82
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is [...] disorder (cannot properly metabolize an [...] acid called phenylalanine)
metabolic
amino
*1 in 10.000 to 1 in 20.000 births + genetic disorder*
83
the metabolic disorder causes [...] disability and [...]
intellectual
hyperactivity
84
to treat phenylketonuria (PKU) there is a special [...] that can result in [...] intelligence and [...] life span
diet
average
normal
85
sickle cell anemia is a blood disorder that limits the body's [...] supply
oxygen
*1 in 400 African American children (lower among other groups)*
86
when there is a blood disorder that limits the body's oxygen supple it causes joint [...], as well as [...] and [...] failure
swelling
heart
kidney
87
to treat sickle-cell anemia, [...], medication for [...], [...]. blood [...], and hydroxyurea therapy can be used
(can start as young as [...] mo. of age)
penicillin
pain
antibiotic
transfusion
9
88
spina bifida is a [...] tube disorder
neural
*2 in 1,000 births*
89
when having a neural tube disorder it can cause [...] and [...] abnormalities
brain
spine
90
the term gene-gene interaction mean
studies that focus on the interdependence process by which two or more genes influence
- characteristics, behavior, disease, and development
91
to treat spina bifida there is [...] surgery at birth, [...] devices, and [...]/[...] therapy
corrective
orthopedic
physical/medical
92
Tay Sachs disease is […] of mental and physical development
deceleration
*1 in 30 American Jew is a carrier*
93
an accumulation of [...] in the nervous system cause deceleration of mental and physical development Tay Sach disease
lipids
94
to treat tay-sachs disease [...] and special [...] are used, but death is likely by [...] years of age
medication
diet
5
95
What are choices to take when having reproductive challenges?
- prenatal diagnostic tests
- infertility and reproductive techonlogy
- adoption
96
a critic of Gene x environment (G X E) interaction is that it is plagued by difficulties in [...] results, inflated claims, and other weaknesses
replicating
97
what is twin study
behavioral similarity of identical and fraternal twins is compared
98
what is adoption study
seeks to discover whether behavioral and psychological characteristics of adopted children are more like their
- adoptive parents who provide a home environment
- biological parents who contributed their heredity
99
what is the passive genotype in correlation of heredity-environment is when children inherit genetic tendencies from their [...], and parents also provide an environment that matches their own genetic tendencies
parents
*e.g. Musically inclined parents usually have musically inclined children, and they are likely to provide an environment rich in music for their children. *
100
what is evocative genotype in heredity-environment correlations is the Childs genetic tendencies elicit [...] from the environment that [...] a particular trait. Thus, genes evoke environmental [...]
stimulation
supports
support
*e.g. a happy, outgoing child elicits smiles and friendly responses from others*
101
Active (niche-picking) in heredity-environment correlations is when children [...] seek out niches in their environment that reflect their own [...] and [...] and are thus in accord with their genotype
actively
talent
interests
*Libraries, sports fields, and a
store with musical instruments
are For Examples of environmental niches children
might seek out if they have
intellectual interests in books,
talent in sports, or musical
talents, respectively.*
102
epigenetic view is when development is the result of an ongoing bidirectional interchange between [...] and [...] to produces a person wellbeing (e.g. intelligence, temperature, health,+)
heredity
environment
103
what is one way that gene x environment (GXE) interact with the epignetic view
- heredity and environment influence development and interactions of specific DNA sequences
- Epigenetic mechanisms involve molecular modification of DNA
strand as a result of environmental inputs in ways that alter
gene functioning.
104
when someone has the short version of the 5-HTTLPR (gene involving the neurotransmitter serotonin) they develop [...] only if they *[...]* lead stressful lives. since the gene indirectly caused depression due to interacting with stressful environment (aka higher cortisol stress reactivity)
depression
105
what is another way that Gene x Environment (GXE) interact
epigenetic mechanisms involve molecular modification of DNA strand as a result of environment inputs in ways that alter gene functioning
106
in the heredity - environment correlation view; [...] influences [...]. developmental influence has [...] direction
heredity
environment
one
107
epigenetic views are when [...] and [...] influence each other. development influence is bidirectional
heredity
environment
108
what can be concluded about heredity-environment interaction
not additive
109
what is another conclusion about heredity-environment interaction
complex behaviors are influences by genes and environments in a way that gives people a propensity for a particular development trajectory
110
the germinal period in the course of prenatal development occurs in the first [...] weeks after [...]. the [...] is created, there is continued cell [...], and attachment of the zygote to the [...] wall
2
conception
zygote
division
uterine
111
what have other G X E research experiences focused on ?
attachment,
parenting,
supportive child-rearing environments
112
blastocyst are [...] layers of cells that develop into the [...]
inner
cells
113
implantation is the the embedding (implant/plant) of the [...] in the uterine wall, it takes place in during the [...] week after conception
blastocyst
second
114
trophoblast is the [...] layers of cells that provide [...] and [...] for the embryo
outer
nutrition
support
115
the embryonic period in the course of prenatal development occurs [...] to [...] weeks after [...]
2
8
conception
116
2 to 8 weeks after conception the rate of cell differentiation [...], and mass of cells are now called [...]
intensifies
embryo
117
what are the three layers of cells in the embryonic period
endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm, middle, and outer layers
118
during the embryo formation the [...]-support systems for the embryo form and [...] appear
life-support
organs
119
amnion contains a [...] fluid in which the developing embryo floats that occurs in the embryonic period
clear
*temperature + humidity controlled, + shockproof*
120
what cannot pass through the placental wall?
red blood cells
most bacteria,
maternal waste,
hormones,
**drugs can pass to some degree**
121
from the mothers blood what is being pass to the embryo/ fetus?
very small molecules;
- oxygen
- water
- salt
- nutrients
from baby blood being passed back and forth
-carbon dioxide
- digestive waste
122
the umbilical cord that forms during the embryonic period is consisted of two [...] and one [...] that connects the baby to the [...]
arteries
vien
placenta
123
the placenta is a [...] shaped group of [...] in which small blood vessels from the mother and the fetus intertwine but do not join
disk
tissue
124
organogenesis is [..] formation that takes place during the first [...] months of prenatal development . is the baby extremely or not vulnerable to environmental influences
organ
2
extremely vulnerable
125
the fetal period is a [...] month period between 2 months after [...] and [...]
7
conception
birth
126
neurons in the brain during the course of prenatal development are nerve cells in the brain that handle information [...] at the cellular level
processing
127
how many neurons are babies born with
20 to 100 billion neurons
128
the neural tube is an (first) important phase of the brains development
neural tube
129
spina bifida is the [...] development of the [...] [...]. +
+
are there varying degree of paralysis of the lower limbs when having spina bifida
incomplete
spinal
cord
+
yes
e.g. (crutches, wheelchair, braces)
129
the important phases of the brains development is the neural tube, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and neural connectivity
yes
130
the neural tube is early formation of the […] system
nervous
side note; failure of the neural tube to close may cause anencephaly and spina bifida
131
what are some of the prenatal tests
- ultrasound sonography
- chorionic villus sampling
- amniocentesis
- maternal blood screening
- fetal MRI, fetal sex determination (noninvasive prenatal diagnosis)
132
what vitamin can help prevent a neural tube defect
- B vitamin folic acid
133
what is anencephaly when the head end of the neural tube fails to [...] leading to the highest regions of the brain failing to develop and ultimately the baby [...] in the womb
close
die
134
what is the second important phase of the brains development
Neurogenesis
135
what is neurogenesis
generation of new neurons
136
what is neuronal migration
cells moving outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations
137
what is neural connectivity
neurons connect, continues postnatally
138
how many trimesters are there in the prenatal development
three trimesters
1tri = first 3 months
2tri = middle 3 months
3tri = last 3 months
139
by 4 weeks of the first semester the is less than [...]/[...] inches long, the development of the [...] cord, [...] system, gastrointestinal system, [...], and [...] begin to develop. the [...] sac envelops the preliminary tissues of the entire body
"is called a [...]"
1/10
spinal
nervous
heart,
lungs
amniotic
"zygote"
140
by 8 weeks in the 1st trimester the baby is just over an [...] long, the face is forming with rudimentary [...], [...]. [...]. and tooth [...]. the arms and legs are [...], the brain is [...]. the fetal [...] is detectable with ultrasound. it is called an "[...]"
inch
eyes
ears
mouth
buds
moving
forming
heartbeat
embryo
141
by 12 weeks in the first trimester the baby is about [...] inches long and weighs about 1 [...], it can move [...],. [...], [...], and [...]. fingerprints are [...]. it can smile, frown, suck, and swallow. the [...] is distinguishable, it can [...].
is called a "[...]}
1
arms
legs
fingers
toes
present
sex
urinate
"fetus"
142
By 16 weeks of the second trimers the baby is about [...] inches long and weight about [...] to [...] pounces. the heartbeat is [...], the skin is [...] and [...]. Downy hair (lanugo) covers the [...]. fingernails and toenails are forming. its movements are [...] and it can roll over in the [...] fluid
6
4
7
strong
thin
transparent
Boyd
coordinated
amniotic
143
by 20 weeks in the second trimester the baby is about [...] inches long and weighs close to 1 [...]. the heartbeat is [...] with an ordinary stethoscope. it can suck its [...], [...] and has hair, [...], and [...] present
12
pound
audible
thumb
hiccups
eyebrows
eyelashes
144
by 24 weeks of the second trimester the baby is about [...] inches long and weighs [...] to [...] [...]/[...] pounds. its skin is [...] and covered with [...] coating (vernix cases). its eyes are [...]. waste matter is collected in [...] and it has a [...] grip
14
1
1 1/2
wrinkled
protective
open
bowel
strong
145
by 28 weeks the baby is about [...] inches long and weighs about [...] pounds. there is increasing body [...], and is very active. [...] breathing movements are present
16
3
fat
rudimentary
146
by week 32 of the third trimester the baby is [...] [...]/[...] inches long and weighs [...] to [...] pounds. the baby has periods of [...] and [...], responds to [...]. may assume the [...] position, the bones of the head are [...] and [...], and [...] is being stored in the liver
16 1/2
4
5
sleep
wakefulness
sounds
birth
soft
flexible
iron
147
by 36 to 38 weeks of the third trimester the baby if [...] to [...] inches long and weighs [...] to [...] [...]/[...] pounds, the skin is less [...], vernix caseosa is thick, lanugo is mostly [...]. the baby is less [...] and is gaining [...] from the mother
19
20
6
7 1/2
wrinkled
gone
active
immunities
148
what are prenatal diagnostic tests
- ultra sound sonography
- chorionic villus sampling
- amniocentesis
- maternal blood screening
- fetal sex determination
149
what is infertility
inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception
150
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is when [...] and [...] are combined in a laboratory dish by experts
eggs
sperm
151
a zygote or fertilized egg can be transferred into the woman's [...]
uterus
152
can multiple zygotes be transferred in to a woman's uterus (IVF)?
multiple zygotes are often transferred but can increase health risks
153
is IVF always successful
IVF success rate depends on the mother's age and other factors (older it decreases)
154
what is adoption
social and legal process that establishes parent-child relationship between persons unrelated at birth
(increased diversity of adopted children and adoptive parents) (types of adoption include domestic public welfare system, private domestic, and international private)
155
who is more likely to have a positive outcome when adopted?
children who are adopted at a very early age
156
do adopted children fare better than other groups such as children that are raised in long term foster care
adopted children fare much better than children raised in long-term foster care
157
teratogen is any agent that can cause a birth [...] or negatively alter [...] and [...] developmental outcomes
defect
cognitive
behavioral
158
teratology is the study of the cause of birth […]
defects
159
teratogen damage and severity depends on dose, genetic susceptibility, and time of exposure
yes
160
negative effects of exposure during the fetal period can stunt [...], affect fetal [...] development, and cause [...] functioning problems
growth
brain
organ
161
what antibiotics are harmful during prenatal development
streptomycin and tetracycline
162
can prescription drugs function as teratogens (birth defect causers)?
yes, prescription drugs can
163
negative/birth defects that anti depressants can cause are [...], [...] birth and [...] spectrum disorders
miscarriage
preterm
autism
164
[...] and [...] estrogen are bad hormones during the prenatal development
progestin and synthetic estrogen
165
accutane is an [...] medication and is a prenatal hazard
acne
yes
166
what oral contraceptive is harmful during prenatal development (teratology)
isotretinoin
167
are diet pills harmful during prenatal development
yes they are hazards during prenatal development and teratologies even though they are nonprescription
168
is aspirin in high does harmful during prenatal development?
yes it is even though it is non prescription
169
psychoactive drugs act on the [...] system, alter states of [...]., modify [...], and change [...]
nervous
consciousness,
perceptions
moods
170
caffeine, methamphetamine, cocaine, marijuana, and heroin, alcohol, and nicotine are
psychoactive drugs that are hazards to prenatal development
171
marijuana leads to [...] birth weight, [greater or lower] chances of being in NICU neonatal intensive care
low
greater
172
heroin leads to [...] and [...] problems of the child
withdrawal
behavioral
173
alcohol during the prenatal period leads to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) *when mothers heavily drink alcohol during preganancy*
174
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) can be characterized by [...] and [...] problems and be associated with [...] death by suicide, accidents, alcohol poisoning, or drugs
learning
behavioral
early
175
nicotine consumption during the prenatal development causes [...] birth weight, [...], [...] newborn brain development, and the offspring to later [...]
low
ADHD,
impaired
smoking
176
having incompatible blood type means that there is [...] between the mothers and fathers blood types poses risk to prenatal development
incompatibility
177
[...], [...] wastes, and other [...] pollutants are environmental hazards during
radiation
toxic
chemical
178
what are some maternal diseases that is a hazard to prenatal development
- rubella and syphilis
- genitial herpes and HIV/AIDS
- diabetes
179
lack of [...] acid and consuming [...]-laden fish is part of a maternal diet and nutrition that makes it a hazard to prenatal development
folic
mercury
180
maternal [..] and [...]. maternal [...], maternal [...]; also [...] states and [...] factors are hazards to prenatal development
diet and nutrition
obesity
age
&
emotional
paternal
181
what are emotional states that make a hazard during prenatal development
- stress
- depression
- fear
- anxiety leading to unhealthy behaviors
182
sperm abnormalities from [...], [...] exposure may lead to miscarriage or diseases, and [...] during the mothers pregnancy are paternal factors that are a hazard to prenatal development
lead
radiation
smoking
183
prenatal care is screening for manageable [...] and treatable [...]
conditions
disease
184
what are some programs for prenatal care
- educational
- social
- nutritional services
185
exercise during prenatal care can [...] blood pressure and reduce risk of [...], conditions the body, controls weight [...], regulates [...], [type of exercise] reduces stress, enhances [...] system functioning. it is associated with a more [...] mental state, [higher or lower] vaginal birth rate, [increase or reduced] Cesarean deliveries and advances development of neonatal brain
regulate
hypertension
gain
bowel
yoga
immune
positive
higher
reduced
186
centering pregnancy is relationship-centered program providing complete prenatal care in a […] setting or […] prenatal care
group
187
parents attend at second trimester long 10 member peer meeting instead of brief [...] checkups for support
physician
188
in the first stage of the birth process is uterine [...] that are [...] to [...] minutes apart and last up to [...] minute.
contractions
15
20
1
*longest stage was recorded 6 to 12 hours*
189
the second stage of the birthing process is that the baby's head starts to move through the [...] and birth [...] (45 minutes to 1 hour)
cervix
canal
*ends when baby is completely out*
190
the third stage of the birth process is afterbirth when the [...], [...] cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled, lasting [...]
placenta,
umbilical,
minutes
191
how many births take place in the hospital (US)
98.5%
192
how many percentage give birth outside of hospital
1.5 percent
- 63% are at home
- 31% are at birthing centers
193
doula is a a [...] who provides continuous, physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth
caregiver
194
what are methods of childbirth?
natural childbirth
prepared childbirth
cesarean delivery
195
what medications are used in childbirth?
analgesia, anesthesia, and oxytocin
(pain relievers)
196
natural childbirth in birth processes [increases or reduces] mothers pain by decreasing her fear through education about childbirth, and [...] techniques during delivery
reduces
relaxation
197
prepared childbirth during birth processes includes the [...] method where a [...] technique is used to control [...] in the final stages of labor. it also provides detailed anatomy and a physiology course.
lamaze
breathing
pushing
198
what is cesarean delivery in birth process
surgically removing the baby from the mother's uterus through an abdominal incision
- breech position baby, fetal distress, maternal vaginal bleeding, natural birth hindered by epidural
- debate over benefits vs risk, respiratory complication, rate in United States is higher
199
what is the Apgar scale is used to assess the [...] of newborns at [...] and [...] minutes after birth
health
1
5
200
when evaluating the newborn the infants [...] rate, [...] effort, muscle [...], body [...], and [...] irritability are assessed
heart
respiratory
tone
color
reflex
201
what is Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
a way to assess the newborn. used in the first month of life to assess the newborn's neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects
202
Neonatal Intensive Care unit Neurobehavioral scale (NNNS) asses the newborns […], […] and […] responses, and […] capacities
behavior,
neurological
stress
regulatory
203
low birth weight infants weighs less than […] [...]/[...] pounds at birth
5 1/2
204
[...] [...]/[...] lbs is very low birth weight in an infant
3 1/2
205
[...] lbs is extremely low birth weight in an infant
2
206
preterm infants are born before the completion of [...] weeks of gestation
37
207
small for date or gestational infants are when infants' birth weights are [...] normal considering the [...] of pregnancy
below
length
*maybe full term or preterm*
208
the preterm birth and low birth weight consequences are [more or less] health and cognitive developmental problems than normal weight infants
more health and cognitive developmental problems than normal birth weight infants
209
to nurture low birth weight and preterm infants there is [...] care, and [...] therapy
kangaroo
massage
210
kangaroo care involves [...] to [...] contact. does it have long or short term benefits. are there positive or negative emotional and cognitive effects present after 20 years
skin
skin
long term benefits
(e.g. better respiratory and cardiovascular functioning, sleep patterns, and cognitive functioning from ages 6 months to 10 years)
yes
e.g. emerging adults had social skills, and reduced school absenteeism, hyperactivity, and aggressivenesswha
211
massage therapy [increases or decreases] infant weight, [increases or reduces] stress, and [increases or reduces] hospital stay when nurturing low birth weight and preterm infants
increases
reduced
reduced
212
rooming-in arrangement is when the baby remains in the mother's room most most of the time during its hospital stay
yes
213
postpartum depression involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs [...] weeks after [...]
4
delivery
214
during the postpartum period physical, emotional and psychological adjustments + bonding are necessary
yes
215
the postpartum period is the period [...] childbirth that lasts until the mother's body has completed its [...] and has returned to a nearly pre pregnant state
after
adjustment
216
what adjustments are needed during postpartum period
physical, emotional, and psychological
217
what are physical adjustments in the post partum period
fatigue;
loss of sleep = stress, marital conflict, impaired decision making
hormonal changes = estrogen and progesterone levels drop steeply when placenta is delivered and remain low until the ovaries start producing hormones again
218
what are emotional and psychological defects in the postpartum period
- postpartum depression
- difficulty coping with daily tasks (peak 3 to 5 days after giving birth and come and go for several months)
- subdue even without treatment usually within 1 to 2 weeks
- risk of; depression anxiety during pregnancy, low self esteem, postpartum blues, poor marital relationship, lack of social support, history of depression
- long term impact on Childs emotions and behaviors
- spouse or partner experiencing depression also affects infants
-both parents experiencing depression negatively impacts infant bonding
219
[...]% of woman have postpartum blues (symptoms 2 to 3 days after delivery)
70%
220
[…]% of women have postpartum depression (symptom linger for weeks or months and interfere with daily functioning)
10%
221
[...]% of woman have no symptoms after giving birth
20%
222
maternal blood screening is from the […]th to the […]th week and identifies risks for birth […] such as
16th
18th
defects
- spina bifida
- Down syndrome
(triple screen; measures three substances in the mother's blood)
223
[...] weeks into pregnancy is the earliest for a babies sex to be determined
7 weeks into pregnancy
224
the reason for infertility in a woman might be that the woman may not be [...] (releasing eggs to be fertilized) or producing abnormal ova + fallopian blocked tubes
ovulating
225
the cause of infertility in a man may be because they produce too [...] sperm, the sperm may lack [...] (don't move adequately}, or have a blocked [...]
few
motility
passageway
226
infertility can be helped through [...], or [...] based drugs
surgery
hormone
227
what are noninvasive techqnies
cell free DNA
- analysis in blood plasma for sex of fetus
228
can the stress hormone cortisol pass the placenta
yes
229
amniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic test in the [...]th and [...]th week (later the better in pregnancy). the test is conducted through a sample of [...] fluid that is withdrawn by a syringe and tested for [...] or [...] disorders
15th
18th
amniotic
chromosomal
metabolic
230
ultrasound sonography is often [...] weeks into/later in pregnancy. [high or low] frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnancy woman's [...]. the [...] from the sound transforms to see the fetus' inner structure
7
high
abdomen
echo
231
ultrasound sonography detects microcephaly (abnormally [...] brain that causes an [...] disability), the [...] of fetuses, and a clue to the babies [...]
small
number
sex
232
what is fetal MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
(powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body's organs and structures)
233
what fetal abnormalities can fetal MRI detect
- central nervous system
- chest
- gastrointestinal tract
- genital/urinary organs
- organs
- placenta
234
_____ is the interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment.
- Heredity-environment correlation
- Evocative genotype-environment correlation
- Gene × environment (G × E) interaction*
- Passive genotype-environment interaction
235
_____ is a stage in reproduction whereby an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.
- fertilization*
- osmosis
- meiosis
- mitosis
236
Benny has been diagnosed with a gene-linked abnormality characterized by deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system. He has been put on medication and a special diet, but his family has been told that he will probably not live beyond the age of five. Benny is suffering from
- spina bifida
- tay sachs disease*
- phenylketonuria
- Huntingtons disease
237
_____ is a genetic abnormality in which delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding.
- hemophilia*
- phenylketonuria
- sickle cell anemia
- tay Sachs disease
238
_____ uses a powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body's organs and structures.
- triple screen
- MRI*
- ultrasound sonography
- amniocentesis
239
A(n) _____ gene overrides the potential influence of a recessive gene.
- longevity
- dominant*
- susceptible
- aggressive
240
Carrie's parents have brown hair. However, Carrie gets genes for blond hair from both of her parents, and as a result she has blond hair. This indicates that the gene for blond hair is a
- recessive gene*
- dominant gene
- susceptibility gene
- longevity gene
241
Phenotypes include _____ and _____ characteristics.
- physical; environmental
- conscious; subconscious
- biological; ecological
- physical; psychological*
242
The _____ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.
- epigenetic*
- biosocial
- sociogenic
- congenital
243
Adam, who has a cardiovascular disease, participated in a research study to identify genetic variations linked to cardiovascular disease. His DNA, along with DNA from other patients suffering from the same cardiovascular disease, was obtained. For the purpose of comparison, the researchers also took DNA samples from participants who did not have the disease. Each participant's DNA was assessed to determine markers of genetic variation. The researchers found that genetic variations occurred more frequently in people who had the cardiovascular disease. This led them to pinpoint the region in the human genome linked to the disease. Which of the following approaches to gene identification and discovery did the researchers use in this study?
- next generation sequencing
- linkage analysis
- the thousand genomes project
- the genome wide association method*
