chapter 1; introduction Flashcards
1
Q
development is the pattern of […] beginning at […] and continuing throughout the life span
A
change
conception
2
Q
development involves […] and […] brought on by aging and dying
A
growth
decline
3
Q
does life expectancy change throughout recorded history
A
yes rather than life span
4
Q
the lifespan perspective views development as a process that involves […], […], and […] of loss
A
growth,
maintenance,
regulation
5
Q
researchers are hoping to improve […] functioning in older people, and slowing or even […] the effects of various chronic diseases
A
brain
reversing
6
Q
the lifespan perspective is constructed through […], […]. and […] factors working together
A
biological,
sociocultural,
individual
7
Q
What does lifespan perspective involve?
A
It involves growth, maintenance, and regulation
8
Q
the upper boundary of human lifespan is […] years
A
122
9
Q
the life-span perspective views development as (3 M’s, …,…,…,)
A
- (3 M’s ; multidimensional, multidirectional, multidisciplinary)
- lifelong
- plastic
- contextual
10
Q
What is the lifespan perspective ?
What are the main ideas of life ?
A
biological, sociocultural, and individual factors that work together.
11
Q
How is development lifelong?
A
Change in development is a process from conception to death
12
Q
in the nature of development what processes interact as individuals develop, and the process shapes development.
A
biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes.
13
Q
What is developmental social neuroscience?
A
examining connections between socioemotional processes, development, and the brain
14
Q
do rapid increases in life expectancy have a [positive or negative] implications on quality of life for older people
A
negative
15
Q
What is developmental cognitive neuroscience?
A
exploring links between development, cognitive processes, and the brain
16
Q
cognitive dimension includes […], memory, abstract thinking, […] of processing information and social […]
What of a person is cognitive?
A
attention,
speed
intelligence.
17
Q
development is multidirectional because some dimensions […] and others […]
A
shrink
expand
18
Q
development is plastic because it has capacity for […]
A
change
19
Q
development is multidisciplinary because there are […] approaches to a problem hence multi and disciplinary which refer to a broad idea
Multidisciplinary = several academic approaches
A
Multiple
20
Q
How is development contextual?
A
All development occurs within a context/setting.
E.g. families, schools, peer groups, friends.
21
Q
what are the types of contextual development in normative categories
Context in contextual delopment
A
- Normative age-graded influences,
- normative history-graded influences,
and - non normative or highly individualized life events.
22
Q
What is normative age-graded influences?
(norm age = norma age groups)
A
Normative age-graded influences are common and normal influences in age groups. E.g. Most retiring around 50s-60s, as well as beginning school usually at 6 y/o.
(biological and environmental influence)
23
Q
What is normative history-graded influences? (norma history = normal history)
A
Normative history-graded influence are common experiences of a particular generation that experience history.
e.g. an American generation experiencing the death of RF Kennedy.
(biological and environmental influence)
24
Q
can biological, cognitive, and socioemotional process be bidirectional and intertwined
A
yes
25
What is non normative life events? (non-normal = not normal)
Nonnormative life events are unusual occurrences that have a major impact on someone's life.
Note: Doesn't happen to everyone but to those who did it can influence them differently.
26
three goals that Baltes supports in human development is growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss
yes
27
what is nonnormative life events?
Nonnormative life events are unusual occurrences that have a major impact on a persons life.
28
Health, parental, and education are all shaped by their [...] context
sociocultural
29
What type of sociocultural context concepts is being referred to?
Four concepts; culture, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and gender.
30
culture are beliefs, behavior patterns, and products that are passed down generations according to their group.
(Interacting with people over many years)
yes
31
What is cross-cultural studies?
Cross-cultural studies are 2+ aspects being compared.
Provides comparisons which is information.
32
Ethnicity are a range of [...] that come from cultural heritage, that includes nationality, race, religion, and language.
characteristics
33
What is socioeconomic status (SES)?
Socioeconomic status (SES) is the the position of an individual in society based off occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
( results in inequalities)
34
Gender is the characteristics of people as [...] and [...].
females
males
35
social policy is the governments course of action designed to promote the [...] of its citizens.
wellfare
36
the nations social policy consists of
Values, economics, and politics.
37
According to a study about poor families with lots of kids, families with more children were more likely to experience family [...], separation from a parent, violence, crowding, [...] noise, and [...] housing.
turmoil
excessive
poor
38
biological process produce change in an individuals [...] nature.
physical
e.g. genes
39
cognitive processes produces changes in an individuals [...], [...]. and [...]
thinking,
intelligence,
language.
40
socioemotional processes produce changes in the individual's [...] w/ others, change in emotions, and change in personality.
relationships
e.g. infant reaction to parent touch.
41
Are biological, cognitive, and socioemtoional processes able to intertwine?
Yes they are. They can also be bidrectional (influencing only 2/3 at a time)
42
a developmental period is A timeframe in a persons life characterized
by certain features.
43
What is the prenatal period?
From conception to birth. (from cell to an organism during the nine months in belly)
44
the infancy period is from [...] to [...] or [...] months when the kids are extremely [...] on the adults.
birth
18
24
dependent
45
the period of early childhood is from the [...] of infancy to age [...] or [...].
end
5
6
"preschool years"
46
middle and late childhood is from 6 to [...] years of age.
11
Elementary school years.
47
the adolescence period is from [...] to [...] to [...] to [...] years
10
12
18
21
puberty
48
emerging adulthood is [...] to [...]
18
25
Exploration.
49
early adulthood beings in late is [...]s and [...]s
20s
30s
50
middle adulthood is [...]s and [...]s
40s
50s
51
late adulthood is [...]s to [...]s to [...]
60a
70s
death
52
What is biological age?
Biological age is the capacity of a person's vital organs *body*. The younger the biological age *body function* the longer expect for them to live.
53
What are the four types of age?
chronological age,
biological age,
psychological age,
and social age.
54
Psychological age is the individuals capability to adapt [...] compared with individuals of the same [...] age.
capacities
chronological
55
What is social age?
Social age is being able to connect with others and the social roles individuals adopt.
*Better social life tend to live longer*
56
normal aging are most individuals who their psychological function often [...] in early middle age, [...] and then [...] later on.
peaks
stable
declines
57
pathological aging is when individuals […] than average […] as they age through adult years. Old age there is […] cognitive (thinking) abilities.
greater
decline
little
58
Successful aging refers to [...] physical, cognitive and socioemotional development is maintained [...] and declining later in old age than most people.
positive
longer
59
psychoanalytic theories describe development as primarily [...] and heavily colored by [...]
unconscious
emotion
60
psychoanalytic theories consider parents' [...] experiences since they extensively shape development
early
61
[...] age has the lowest levels of life satisfaction in the US
(p.s. age group)
Middle age
especially from 45 to 54 years of age
62
What is the nature-nurture issue?
whether development is
primarily influenced by nature or nurture. nature as an organisms biological inheritance and nurture as its environmental experiences.
63
What is the stability-change issue?
The stability-change issue refers to which early traits and characteristics persist or change over time.
64
What is the continuity-discontinuity issue?
The continuity-discontinuity issue focuses on the degree to which development involves either gradual cumulative change (continuity) *process*, or distinct stages (discontinuity) *sudden*.
65
What is the scientific method?
4 step approach;
- conceptualize a process or problem
- collect data
- analyze the data
- draw conclusions
66
A theory are ideas that help [...] and to make [...].
explain
predictions
67
hypothesis are assertions or [...], often derived from theories that can be [...].
tested
68
Freuds development theory focuses on the psycho-[...] aspect
sexual
69
What are the five theoretical orientations to development?
psychoanalytic,
cognitive,
behavioral and social cognitive, ethological,
ecological.
70
psychoanalytic theories are when development depends primarily on the […] mind and is heavily couched in […]. "deep inner workings of the mind"
unconscious
emotion
71
Freuds theory is when the adult personality is determined by how [..] at each stage (5) between sources of […] and the demands of […] are resolved
conflicts
pleasure
reality
72
the first stage in Freuds development theory is called [...] stage
oral
73
Freuds first stage 'oral stage' lasts from [...] to [...] [...]/[...] years
birth to 1 1/2 years
74
in the oral stage of Freuds development, the infants pleasure centers on the [...]
mouth
75
the name of Freuds second stage in his developmental theory is the [...] stage
anal
76
the second stage in Freuds developmental theory lasts from [...] [...]/[...] to [...] years
1 1/2
3
77
in the second stage of Freuds psychosexual theory the Childs pleasure focuses on the [...]
anus
78
in Freuds development theory the name of the third stage is the [...] stage
phallic
79
Freuds third stage 'phallic' lasts from [...] to [...] years
3
6
80
in Freuds phallic stage, the third stage, the Childs pleasure focuses on the [...]
genitals
81
the fourth stage in Freuds developmental theory is the [...] stage
latency
82
the fourth stage in Freuds stage, latency' lasts from [...] years to [...]
6
puberty
83
the fifth stage in Freuds development theory is the [...] stage
genital
84
Freuds fifth stage, the 'genital stage' lasts from [...] and [...]
puberty
onward
85
in Freuds fifth stage, the 'genital stage' , it is a time of [...] reawakening: a source of [...] pleasure becomes someone outside the family
sexual
sexual
86
pyschoanalytic theories think of behavior As a surface characteristic and the symbolic workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand [...]
behavior
87
What is Freuds fifth stage of his psychosexual development theory?
Genital stage ( puberty onward)
- a time of sexual reawakening; source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family
88
What is Freuds first stage of his psychosexual development theory?
Oral (birth - 1 1/2 y/o)
- infants pleasure is on the mouth
89
What is Freuds third stage of his psychosexual development theory?
Phallic ( 3 - 6)
- childs pleasure focuses on the genitals
90
Erik Eriksons development theory is [...] stages of development unfold throughout life span. Each stage a unique developmental task confronts individuals with a crisis that must be solved.
eight
91
Erik Eriksons developmental theory classifies as a psycho-[...] theory for human [...]
social
behavior
92
erikson's psychosocial theory for human behavior believes that motivation for behavior is […] in nature, personality and developmental change occurs throughout […], and that both […] and […] experiences are important
social
lifespan
early
late
93
the first stage in Erik Eriksons theory is [...] vs [...]
Trust
mistrust
94
In Erik eriksons developmental theory, the first stage 'trust vs mistrust' is experienced in the [...] year of life. [...] during infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation
first
trust
95
Erik eriksons first stage 'trust vs mistrust' is experienced in the [...] year of life
first
96
Erik Eriksons second stage is [...] vs [...] and [...]
Autonomy
shame
doubt
97
Erik eriksons second stage is experienced in [...] [...] and [...] ([...] to [...'years)
start to assert a sense of independence or autonomy.
late infancy
toddlerhood
1
3
98
Erik Eriksons third stage is [...] vs [...]
initiative
guilt
99
Erik Eriksons third stage 'initiative vs guilt' is experienced during [...] years. and is the initiative for challenges + guilt
preschool
100
Erik Eriksons fourth stage in his developmental theory is [...] vs [...]
Industry
inferiority
Master knowledge is industry and inferiority feeling incompetent and unproductive
101
Erik Eriksons fourth stage 'inferiority vs industry' is approximately experienced in [...] school years
elementary
102
Erik Erikson fifth stage in his developmental theory is [...] vs [...] [...]
identity
identity
confusion
103
Erik Eriksons fifth stage 'identity vs identity confusion' is experience in [...] years by exploring who they are if not then confusion arrises
adolescent
104
Erik Eriksons sixth stage is [...] vs [...]
intimacy
isolation
105
Erik Eriksons sixth stage ' intimacy vs isolation' is experience in [...] adulthood by forming intimate relationships or isolation occurs
early
106
Erik Eriksons seventh stage in his developmental theory is [...] vs [...]
Generativity
stagnation
107
Erik Eriksons seventh stage 'generativity vs stagnation' is experienced in [...] adulthood
middle
108
Erik Eriksons eighth stage in his developmental theory is [...] vs [...]
Integrity
despair
109
Erik Eriksons eighth stage 'integrity vs despair' is experienced in [...] adulthood (60s onward)
late
110
Cognitive theories are theories that emphasize [...] thoughts rather than psychoanalytical theories.
conscious
111
What are the three important cognitive theories?
- Piaget's cognitive developmental theory,
- Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory,
and
- information processing theory.
*complex thinking skills*
112
Piaget's cognitive theory is that children construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of [...] development; [...] and [...]
cognitive
organization
adaption
113
Piagets first stage is the [...] stage in his cognitive developmental theory
sensorimotor
114
Piagets first stage, the 'sensorimotor stage' lasts from [...] to about [...] years of age. infants use [...] experiences with [...] actions to construct an understanding of the world. infants progress from reflexive instinctual action at birth to the beginning of [...] thought toward the end of the stage.
birth
2
sensory
physical
115
Piagets second stage in his cognitive developmental theory is the [...] stage
preoperational
116
Piagets second stage, the 'pre operational stage' lasts from [...] to [...] years of age and are able to represent the world with [...] and [...]. these reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory information and physical action
2
7
words
images
117
Piagets third stage is the [...] [...] stage
concrete operational
118
Piagets third stage, the 'concrete operation stage' lasts approximately [...] to [...] years of age and can perform [...] that involve objects + can reason logically of about concrete events and classify objects into different sets
7
11
119
Piagets fourth stage is the [...] [...] stage
formal operational
120
piagets fourth stage, the 'formal operation stage
lasts between ages [...] and [...], and continues to adulthood. it is formation of ideal abstract, idealistic, and logical ways
11
15
121
Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how [...] and [...] interaction guide and are inseparable form cognitive development
culture
social
122
What are cognitive theories evaluated on its emphasis on the [positive or negative] view of development, and on the [...] construction of understanding
positive
active
123
the criticism of cognitive theories are the skepticism about the pureness of Piagets stages and the little attention to individual variations
yes
124
The stage in Vygotskys sociocultural cognitive theory is information processing that emphasizes that individuals process information, monitor it, and strategize about it
yes
125
behavioral and social cognitive theories are evaluated on their emphasis on [...] research and [...] as determinants of behavior
scientific
environmental
126
behavior and social cognitive theories are evaluated on their criticisms that their is [little or big] emphasis on cognition in skinners view and inadequate attention paid to [...] changes
little
developmental
127
Skinners operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a [...] or diminished if followed by a [...].
reinforcer
punisher
128
Banduras social cognitive theory emphasizes [...], [...], and [...] as the key factors in development. plus relations between behavior, person/cognitive and environmental factors are reciprocal
behavior,
environment,
cognition
129
What is ethology & ethological theory?
Ethology is the study of the behavior of animals in their natural habitat. Ethological theory is that behavior is **strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution** and is characterized by *critical or sensitive periods.*
130
Konrad Lorenz's ethological theory has helped bring ethology to prominence by showing developmental importance of imprinting behavior of geese
yes
131
John Bowlby's ethological theory through attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has
important consequences for optimal social relationship development
throughout the life span
yes ?
132
Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory subsections are five that focus on
- microsystem,
- mesosystem,
- ecosystem,
- macro system
- and chronosystem.
133
Ecological theory emphasizes [...] factors.
environmental
134
the microsystem in Bronfenbrenners ecological theory is the [...] in which the individual [...]
setting
lives
e.g. person's family, peers, school, neighborhood. religious group, health services
135
the mesosystem in Bronfenbrenners ecological theory are the relations between Microsystems or connections between content.
e.g. school, church, family, experiences (same thing)
136
the exosystem in Bronfenbrenners ecological theory is the link between a [...] setting where the individual does not have an [...] role and the individuals immediate context.
social
active
e.g. absent working mother rises problems b/c of the promotion. neighbors, legal services, friends of family, mass media
137
the macrosystem in Bronfenbrenners ecological theory is the [...] in which the individual lives
culture
138
the chronosystem in Bronfenbrenners ecological theory consists of the patterning of environment events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances.
e.g. divorce is transition
139
the electric theoretical orientation does not follow [...] theory but instead presents the [,...] features of [...] theory.
one
best
each
140
What are methods of collecting data?
- Observation = systematic (whom, when, where, how observe, how recorded)
- Survey and interview = interview (not may be very accurate *lying*)
-Standardized tests = a test that is has uniform procedures for administration and scoring (test + not reliable due to human adaptation)
- Case study = in-depth look at a single individual
- Psychological measures = psychological measures when studying developments at different points in the life span e.g. MRI
141
Naturalistic observation means when observing behavior in real life world settings and making no effort to manipulate/control the situation.
yes
142
the three main research designs to study life span development are [...], [...], and [...]
descriptive,
correlational,
and experimental
143
Descriptive research observes and records [...].
behavior
144
What is correlational research?
Correlational research focuses on describing strength of the relation between two or more events or characteristics. (two+ events the more correlated, more effective prediction of one event from the other)
145
correlation coefficient is based on statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between [..] variables.
two
*correlation does not equal causation*
146
What is experimental research?
An experiment is a carefully regulated procedure with one+ factors believed to influence the behavior under study changes when a factor is manipulated while all other factors are held constant. (cause and effect; cause is factor that was manipulated, effect id behavior that changed because of manipulation)
147
What are independent and dependent variables?
An independent variable is manipulated, influential experimental factor. potential cause.
A dependent variable can change in an experiment in response to changes in the independent variable . measure the dependent variable for any resulting effect.
148
an experimental group is a group whose experience is [...]
manipulated
149
a control group is a group is a [...] group that is like + treated like the [...] group as possible except manipulated (independent)
comparison
experimented
150
a time span of research is concerned with the relation between [...] and some other [..]
age
variable
151
a cross-sectional approach is a research strategy in which individuals of different [...] are [...] at one time.(results can change over time)
ages
compared
152
What is a longitudinal approach?
A research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more.
(extensive and time consuming)
153
what are psychoanalytic theories criticized because of their [...] of scientific support, too much emphasis on [...] underpinnings, and having an image of people that is too [,...]
lack
sexual
negative
154
psychoanalytic theories are evaluated about their emphasis on developmental framework, [...] relationships, and [...] aspects of the mind
family
unconscious
155
life expectancy is 79 years
yes
156
people live longer in part due to better sanitation, nutrition and medicine
yes
157
Which of Urie Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances?
the mesosystem
the chronosystem *
the macrosystem
the exosystem
158
Edwin was a neglected child in his infancy. Now, at 31 years of age, he is highly cynical about the world and feels that no one can be relied upon. In his relationship, he is suspicious toward his partner, and these feelings eventually lead to the breakup of the relationship. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, this indicates that Edwin did not successfully resolve the ________ stage of development, which in turn is causing him to experience ________ in his current developmental stage.
- identity versus identity confusion; stagnation
- trust versus mistrust; isolation
- autonomy versus shame and doubt; confusion
- trust versus mistrust; despair*
159
The concept of discontinuity is characterized by
*qualitative change.
quantitative change.
collective change.
measured change.
160
According to an increasing number of studies in the United States, compared with younger people, older people
- are more pressured to achieve.
- have better relationships with people they care about. *
- are less content with what they have in their lives.
- have less time for leisurely pursuit
161
Many individuals become wiser as they age, but their performance on tasks that require speed in processing information starts to decline. This illustrates how throughout life some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink, or how development is
- plastic.
- contextual.
- multidisciplinary
multidirectional *
162
According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following statements is true?
- Children's social interaction with more-skilled adults and peers is indispensable to their cognitive development.
- Children go through four stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world.
- The primary motivation for human behavior is social in nature.
- People's basic personality is shaped during the first 5 years of their life.*
163
Gina's therapist attributes her delinquent behavior to heredity and to the gross neglect she suffered as a baby at the hands of her alcoholic mother. Gina's therapist appears to be emphasizing the ________ aspect of her development.
- personality
- lifelong learning
- discontinuity
- stability*
164
________ processes refer to changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and language.
- cognitive*
- biological
- socioemotional
- cultural
165
The developmental period, when one is an infant, adolescent, or middle-aged person, refers to
- a historical circumstance common to people of a particular generation.
- a time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features.*
- a time frame in which a person experiences maximum change.
- a time frame in a nation's history that is characterized by rapid development.
