ch 7

Question 1

Moral philosophy refers to which of the following?
a. The values developed in an organizational environment
b. The overall morality of business activities
c. The specific principles or rules that people use to decide what is right and wrong
d. The legality of a business’s activities
e. The principles or rules that policymakers use to create legislation

Answer 1

c. The specific principles or rules that people use to decide what is right and wrong

Question 2

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its consequences for everyone affected (it
seeks the greatest good for the greatest number)?

Answer 2

Utilitarianism

Question 3

Which philosophy stipulates that acts are morally right or acceptable if they produce some desired result, such as
realization of self-interest or utility?

Answer 3

Teleology

Question 4

Which moral philosophy focuses on the rights of individuals and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior,
rather than its consequences?

Answer 4

Deontology

Question 5

are based on decisions made by groups or when carrying out tasks to meet business objectives?

Answer 5

Business ethics

Question 6

According to Kohlberg’s model, as a person progresses through the stages of moral development—and with time,
education, and experience—which of the following statements is true?
a. The individual is unlikely to change his/her values and ethical behavior.
b. Cognitive moral development and behavior may change.
c. The individual will likely be promoted.
d. Significant others become more influential in ethical decision making.
e. Opportunity to behave unethically decreases.

Answer 6

b. Cognitive moral development and behavior may change.

Question 7

An individual who defines what is right by considering their duty to society, not just to other specific people, is in
which of Kohlberg’s stages of cognitive moral development?

Answer 7

Social system and conscience maintenance

Question 8

Which of the following is the last of Kohlberg’s stages of cognitive moral development?

Answer 8

Universal ethical principles

Question 9

A person who offers a facilitation payment in order to secure a contract that will keep their company from going
bankrupt and laying off hundreds of employees is trying to secure the greatest good for the greatest number of people, making them a(n) _______.

Answer 9

utilitarian

Question 10

moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its conformity to general moral principles
based on logic and respect for individual rights?

Answer 10

Rule deontology

Question 11

Considered the father of free market capitalism, which of the following believed that business was and should be guided by the morals of good men?

Answer 11

Adam Smith

Question 12

The belief that no one thing is intrinsically good is defined as _______.

Answer 12

pluralism

Question 13

Kant’s categorical imperative and the Golden Rule are examples of which moral philosophy?

Answer 13

Deontology

Question 14

A marketing manager who orders that a manufacturing plant be refitted to make it safer for workers, no matter what
the cost because the manager believes in the rights of all individuals, may be considered a(n) _______.

Answer 14

deontologist

Question 15

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of principles or rules designed to promote the
greatest overall utility rather than by examining situations individually?

Answer 15

Rule utilitarianism

Question 16

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of the equity, fairness, and impartiality of the
action, with rules serving as guidelines in the decision-making process?

Answer 16

Act deontology

Question 17

Which moral perspective defines ethical behavior subjectively from the unique experiences of individuals and groups?

Answer 17

Relativist perspective

Question 18

As circumstances evolve, an act can come to be viewed as unethical under which of the following philosophies and
perspectives?

Answer 18

Relativist perspective

Question 19

Instead of focusing on the end result of actions and happiness created by them, which of the following emphasizes the
means and motives by which actions are justified?

Answer 19

Obligation theories

Question 20

An individual who believes that an action is ethical because others within the individual’s company and industry
regularly engage in the activity is probably a(n) _______.

Answer 20

relativist

Question 21

Enlightened egoism _______.
a. is when an individual puts spiritual feelings above all others
b. centers completely on the short-term well-being of others
c. centers on one’s short-term self-interest
d. centers on one’s long-term self-interest but takes others’ well-being into account
e. centers on the long-term well-being of others

Answer 21

d. centers on one’s long-term self-interest but takes others’ well-being into account

Question 22

Which moral philosophy is based on the premise that equal respect must be given to all persons?

Answer 22

Deontology

Question 23

Which of the following have lower ethical issue sensitivity—meaning they are less likely to detect ethical issues—and may be more committed to completing projects and more dedicated to group values and objectives?

Answer 23

Relativists

Question 24

Which form of justice is based on the evaluation of outcomes or results of the business relationship?

Answer 24

Distributive

Question 25

Kohlberg's six stages of cognitive moral development can be reduced to three levels of ethical concern. Which of the following describes individuals at the second level? a. They define right as that which conforms to the expectations of good behavior of the larger society. b. They see beyond the norms, laws, and authority of groups or individuals. c. They are concerned with their immediate interests and with external rewards and punishments. d. They are concerned with their long-term interests and with internal rewards and punishments. e. They are unethical.

Answer 25

a. They define right as that which conforms to the expectations of good behavior of the larger society.

Question 26

Which of the following argues that ethical behavior involves not only adhering to conventional moral standards but also considering what a mature person with a “good” moral character would deem appropriate?

Answer 26

Virtue ethics

Question 27

When an individual defines right and wrong on the basis of legal contracts, they are using which of Kohlberg's stages of development? a. Punishment and obedience (Stage 1) b. Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (Stage 3) c. Social system and conscience maintenance (Stage 4) d. Prior rights, social contract, or utility (Stage 5) e. Universal ethical principles (Stage 6)

Answer 27

d. Prior rights, social contract, or utility (Stage 5)

Question 28

Which of the following deals with the issue of what individuals feel they are due based on their rights and performance in the workplace, and therefore is more likely to be based on deontological moral philosophies than on teleological or utilitarian ones?

Answer 28

Justice

Question 29

Which of the following is a central problem with relativism? a. It emphasizes people’s differences while ignoring their basic similarities. b. Few people believe that these principles are important. c. It is very complicated. d. It represents unattainable goals. e. Many feel that it only works in theory.

Answer 29

a. It emphasizes people’s differences while ignoring their basic similarities

Question 30

Which of the following are considered white-collar crimes? (Select four) a. Corporate tax evasion b. Credit card fraud c. Insider trading d. Identity theft e. Mugging someone

Answer 30

a, b, c, d

Question 31

An individual who emphasizes others rather than themselves in making decisions is in which of Kohlberg's stages ofdevelopment? a. Universal ethical principles (Stage 6) b. Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (Stage 3) c. Social system and conscience maintenance (Stage 4) d. Punishment and obedience (Stage 1) e. Prior rights, social contract, or utility (Stage 5)

Answer 31

b. Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (Stage 3)

Question 32

While he is normally against the idea of harming animals, Eric views animal research in the pharmaceutical industry as a way to improve drugs that will benefit mankind. Which moral philosophy most closely represents Eric’s viewpoint in this scenario?

Answer 32

Utilitarianism

Question 33

In Kohlberg’s model, Stage 3 (mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity) differs from Stage 2 (individual instrumental purpose and exchange) in terms of the individual’s motives in _______.

Answer 33

considering fairness to others

Question 34

The elements of trust, self-control, empathy, fairness, and truthfulness that are important to business transactions are part of which of the following?

Answer 34

Virtue

Question 35

Which form of justice considers the processes and activities that produce the outcome or results?

Answer 35

Procedural

Question 36

Which of the following describes the categorical imperative? a. "Pursue pleasure in this lifetime as the ultimate good." b. "Thou should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people." c. "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you." d. "Act as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of nature." e. "When in Rome, do as the Romans do."

Answer 36

d. "Act as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of nature."

Question 37

Why might an individual's moral philosophies differ when making a personal decision versus a work-related decision? a. Individuals tend to act more unethically in large work groups than alone. b. Businesses train individuals to adopt different moral philosophies at work. c. Personal temptations are rarely a problem in the business environment. d. Ethics is not held to be a high concern among managers in the workplace. e. Goals and pressures in the workplace are different from those outside of work.

Answer 37

e. Goals and pressures in the workplace are different from those outside of work.

Question 38

Which of the following is one of the criticisms of Kohlberg's cognitive moral development theory? a. The original theory was transferred from children to adults. b. It can only apply to those with a deontological perspective. c. It assumes that very few adults ever reach Stage 6. d. The theory has little reliability or validity. e. All moral philosophies are regarded as equal to one another.

Answer 38

a. The original theory was transferred from children to adults.

Question 39

The concept of moral philosophies is inexact. a. True b. False

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Interactional justice considers the processes and activities that produce a particular outcome. a. True b. False

Answer 40

False

Question 41

Teleological philosophies assess the moral worth of a behavior by looking at its consequences, and thus moral philosophers today often refer to these theories as consequentialism. a. True b. False

Answer 41

True

Question 42

The moral philosophy of idealism views ethics as whether an act produces more economic value for its effort. a. True b. False

Answer 42

False

Question 43

Economist Adam Smith viewed profit as the ultimate goal of an enterprise and did not believe it was businesses' responsibility to be concerned about their impact on society. a. True b. False

Answer 43

False

Question 44

Which philosophy defines right or acceptable actions as those that maximize a particular person’s self-interest as defined by the individual?

Answer 44

Egoism

Question 45

The famous statement “Act as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of nature” is referred to as _______.

Answer 45

categorical imperative

Question 46

Which of the following is defined as regard for certain behaviors as inherently right, and the determination of this rightness focuses on the individual actor, not on society?

Answer 46

Nonconsequentialism

Question 47

Economic value orientation is associated with

Answer 47

Values quantified by monetary means