ch 7&8 Dev, Psyc Flashcards
In terms of dominant cerebral hemisphere, if a person is right handed, which hemisphere controls this hand? What is the function of the cerebellum, hippocampus and reticular formation? What other brain structure does cerebellum link with to contribute to motor control?
the left hemisphere controls this hand. the brain of left handers tend to be less lateralized than those of right hands.
The function of the cerebellum the rear and the base of the brain, a structure that aids in balance and control of body movement.
The hippocampus located in the inner-brain, adjacent to the amygdala, it pays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way
The reticular formation is a structure in the brainstem that maintains alertness and consciousness.
The cerebellum links with the cerebral cortex to contribute to motor control
Genes influence growth by controlling
the body’s production of hormones.
Which gland plays a critical role in this process?
the pituitary gland located at the base of the brain plays a huge role by releasing 2 hormones that induce growth the 1st growth hormone (GH) and the 2nd thyroid-stimulating hormones (tsh)
How have parents been influenced by the media regarding immunization of their child? What are the results of large-scale studies on relationship between immunization and autism?
Parents been influenced by the media regarding immunization of their child because the media has suggested that there is a link between a mercury- based preservative used for decades in vaccines and arise in the number of children diagnosed with autism.In fact large scale studies show no association with autism and no consistent effects on cognitive performance.
How can the social climate created by adults enhance or dampen preschool motor development?
when parents and teachers criticize a child’s performance , push specific motor skills, or promote a competitive attitude , they risk undermining children’s self confidence and, in turn, their motor progress.Adult involvement in young children’s motor activities should focus on fun rather than on winning or perfecting the correct technique
Which of Piaget’s stages follows the sensorimotor period? What years does it span?
What is the most obvious change during this period? What is the most flexible means of mental representation?
- pre operational stage
- 2-7 years
- obvious change is an extraordinary increase in representational, or symbolic , activitiy (make-believe.)
- language
In terms of the limitations of preoperational thought, Piaget described preschoolers in terms of what they ____________. What is it that they are not capable of? Be sure to define “operations”.
“what they can’t understand”
- young children are not capable of operations; thinking is rigid, limited to one aspect of a situation at a a time and strongly influences by way things appear at moment
- mental actions that obey logical rules
Define :conservation. Give an example of conservation of number, mass and liquid. What do preoperational children do on these tasks. What two aspects of their thinking contribute to children’s inability to conserve. Define each.
- conservations: understanding that physical characteristics or objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes
- number:pennies in a row
mass: rolled up clay
liquid: water in a diff shaped cup - pre operational stage children fail tests and cannot conserve
- centration: focus on aspect of a situation and neglects other important figures
- irreversibility: inability to mentally reverse series of steps
- centration: focus on aspect of a situation and neglects other important figures
Define: zone of proximal development and scaffolding.
- zone of proximal development: range of tasks too difficult for child to do alone but possible with help of adults and skilled peers
- scaffolding: adjusted the support offered during teaching sessions to fit child’s level of performance
. What features do Piagetian and Vygotskian classrooms …have in common? are different?
-common: accept individual differences and provide opportunities for children’s active participations
-differences: V: promotes assisted discovery
P: independent discovery
Define and give an example of recognition and recall. Which is more difficult? Define the two memory strategies of rehearsal and organization. Why do young children seldom use memory strategies?
-recognition: a memory that involves noticing whether a stimulus is identical or similar to one previous experienced (ex: indicated by kicking, looking)
-recall: memory involving remembering something that isn’t present (ex: find hidden objects) HARDER
-organization: linking together of themes to create strong cognitive system
-rehearsal: memory involving rep. info to oneself to improve recall.
One reason why they seldom use it is that strategies tax their limited working memories. Preschoolers have a hard time holding onto pieces of information and applying a strategy at the same time
What is Project Head Start? What is role of parents in Head Start? What are the results of university-based/ research foundation interventions in terms of… IQ including how long results lasted?…. measure of real-life measures of school adjustment? Why do effects eventually decline? Are theses programs cost-effective? How much money is returned on the investment of
$15,000 per school child?
- provides children with 1-2 years of preschool, along with nutritional and health services. Parent serve on policy councils, continue to program planning.
- IQ: poverty-stricken kids who attend score higher IQ’s than controls during 2-3yrs in elementary
- real life: children who receive intervention remained ahead
- decline: poverty- stricken public schools undermining pre-school education
- $300,000-$500,000
Define and give an example of “overregularization”. Is this an example of generalization or discrimination
- overregulation: overextension of rules to words that’s irregular
ex: my car breaked - example of generalization
How can adults foster preschooler’s language development? As in toddlerhood, what is vital? What type of interaction is consistently related to language progress?
- Conversation with adults is consistently related to language progress
- parental feedback is critical for language development: positive reinforcement and punishment
What are the two strategies that adults use to give indirect feedback about grammar to children? Give an example.
- recasts: restricting inaccurate speech into correct form
“yes you mean you have a ball” - expansions: elaborating on children’s speech, increasing its complexity
“yes, you have a big red ball”
In the emergence of self-esteem, what effect does parental criticism of the child’s self-worth and performance have on the child? How can parents avoid promoting these self-defeating reactions?
criticism: give up easily when faced with a challenge and express shame and despondency after failing
avoid: adjusting their expectations to children’s capacities, scaffolding children’s attempts at difficult. Tasks and pointing out effort and improvement in children’s behavior
In terms of self-regulation for children 3 to 4 years of age, what are three strategies they use to adjust their emotional arousal? What effect do they have on emotional outbursts? (pg 261)
- restricting sensory input
- talking to themselves
- changing their goals
What parental behaviors lead to children having continuing problems managing emotions? What can parents communicate through adult conversations with preschoolers that will foster emotional self-regulation ?
- parents: that rarely express positive emotions, see children’s emotions as unimportant and have difficulty controlling their anger
- parents should discuss: what to expect and ways to handle anxiety, offers strategies to apply
Where do children first acquire skills for interacting with peers? What are two direct ways and two indirect ways that parents affect early peer relations? What does the first direct way teach the child?
-in the household/ by parents
-direct: arranging informal peer activities
guide on how to act
-indirect: secure attachment
emotionally expressive sensitive communication
What is the psychoanalytic perspective? Briefly describe Freud’s three parts of personality.
What are two reasons the psychoanalytic perspective is no longer in the mainstream of human development research?
psychoanalytic perception: people move through series of stages where they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations
- ID: basic biological needs and desires
ego: conscious, rational part of personality
superego: conscience, conforms to values of society - overemphasize influence of sexual feelings in development
- based on problems of sexuality repressed, did not apply to other cultures.
- overemphasize influence of sexual feelings in development
- What different aspects are emphasized by psychoanalytic, social-learning, and cognitive developmental theories of morality?
- psychoanalytic: people move through series of stages where they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations
- social-learning: modeling moral behavior reinforce for moral and punish for immoral
- cognitive development: children act as active thinkers about social rules
What is inductive discipline? What does it promote? What must accompany inductive discipline to make it effective? Does inductive discipline encourage empathy and sympathy?
- inductive discipline: adult helps child notice feelings by pointing out the effects of child’s misbehavior on others
- promotes conscience formation
- warm parents provide explanations that match child’s capacity to understand, while firmly insisting that child needs to listen and comply
- yes empathy and sympathy are encouraged
What effect does discipline that relies too heavily on punishment or withdrawal of love have on child’s behavior?
- serious lasting mental health problems
- depression, aggression, antisocial behavior, poor academic performance, criminality, abuse in adulthood
When is physical punishment justified?
Know the following undesirable side effects of punishment: modeling aggression, avoiding punisher, escalation of punishment because of immediate relief.
Does harsh, angry physical punishment increase child’s risk for serious, lasting mental health problems such as aggression, depression and antisocial behavior?
What are two alternatives to harsh punishment?
What are three ways that parents can increase effectiveness of punishment?
-when immediate obedience is necessary
-parents that spank stop aggression also models it. frequently punished kids avoid punisher, giving parent little opportunity to teach desirable behaviors. escalation of punishment overtime spiraling into sever abuse
-yes
-time out. withdrawing privileges. positive discipline
-consistency. explanation. warm parent-child relationship
-use transgression as oppose to teach.
arrange children to participate in familiar routine. provide reasons for rules.
encourage mature behavior:express confidence in children’s capacity to learn application for effort and cooperation “you gave it your best!”
