Vision & Hearing

Question 1

ANATOMY OF THE EYE

Answer 1

Hint: People Really Fear Blind Octopi
PUPIL
RETINA
FOVEA
BLINDSPOT
OPTIC NERVE

Question 2

PUPIL

Answer 2

entrance for light

Question 3

RETINA

Answer 3

the rear surface of the eye, visual receptors

Question 4

FOVEA

hint: forever specific

Answer 4

area specialized for acute and detailed vision

Question 5

BLINDSPOT

hint: can a door see?

Answer 5

where the optic nerve exits and contains no visual receptors.

Question 6

OPTIC NERVE

Answer 6

Bundle of axons of ganglion cells that transmit messages from the retina to the brain.
It is near the optic chiasm and it is what sends the signals to the opposite side of the retina.

Question 7

ANATOMY OF THE RETINA

hint: really creative boys get off

Answer 7

ROD
CONE
BIPOLAR CELL
GANGLION CELL
OPTIC NERVE

Question 8

ROD

Answer 8

responds to faint light.

Question 9

CONE

Answer 9

abundant in the fovea, responds to bright light and is essential for color vision

Question 10

BIPOLAR CELL

Answer 10

transmit information from the rods/cones to ganglion cells

Question 11

GANGLION CELL

Answer 11

final relay point of visual information in the RETINA

Question 12

How does Projection work in the Visual Pathway

Answer 12

Left visual field is projected on the right retina

Right visual field is projected on the left retina

Question 13

List all 5 components of the Visual Pathway

hint; 3 o’s lay sideways

Answer 13

• Optic Nerve
• Optic Chiasm
• Optic Tract
• Lateral Geniculate Nuclei
• Striate Cortices in the Occipital Lobe

Question 14

Optic Chiasm

Answer 14

location where the two nerves interact

Question 15

Optic Tract

hint: where the orangutan never eats and part of the large german naked

Answer 15

where the optic nerve ends up at and is part of the lateral geniculate nuclei.

Question 16

Lateral Geniculate Nuclei

hint: men buy orange tamales

Answer 16

located in the middle between the optic tracts.

Question 17

Striate Cortices in the Occipital Lobe

Answer 17

at the end of the pathway to the side, that shows the projection of the visual fields in the brain.

Question 18

List the 3 vision disorders

Answer 18

MYOPIA
HYPEROPIA
ASTIGMATISM

Question 19

MYOPIA

hint: my condiiotn

Answer 19

nearsightedness, near objects are clear while faraway objects are blurred because the light is not refracted properly.

Question 20

HYPEROPIA

Answer 20

farsightedness, faraway objects are clear but near objects are blurred because the light rays focus beyond the retina rather than directly on it.

Question 21

ASTIGMATISM

Answer 21

blurred vision from any distance because of the irregular shape of the cornea that prevents light from focusing properly on the retina.

Question 22

CAUSES OF BLINDNESS:

hint: dildos make terrific gifts

Answer 22

DIABETES
MACULAR DEGENERATION:
TRAUMATIC INJURIES:
GLAUCOMA

Question 23

DIABETES

Answer 23

sugar blocks blood vessels that go to the retina causing them to leak or bleed. New blood vessels grow but work poorly.

Question 24

MACULAR DEGENERATION:

Answer 24

deterioration of the retina due to cellular debris buildup.

Question 25

TRAUMATIC INJURIES

Answer 25

injury damages eye

Question 26

GLAUCOMA

Answer 26

eye pressure is too high so the optic nerve is damaged.

Question 27

THEORIES THAT EXPLAIN OPTICAL ILLUSIONS:

Answer 27

Our perception of size is dependent on context. Peripheral vision needs to be strong enough to be detected by the retina. Cones get fatigued after looking at images, so when the side switches to white, cones then reset and flip colors. However, this afterimage is extremely brief.

Question 28

STRATEGIES TO CURE BLINDNESS:

Answer 28

EYE DONATION : only works if the source of blindness is corneal damage. BIONIC EYE: camera captures image & stimulates retina. GENE THERAPY: artificial or modified genes are used to regenerate vision.

Question 29

Outer ear

Answer 29

Pinna: important for sound localization

Question 30

Middle ear:

Answer 30

Tympanic membrane (Eardrums): sound waves vibrate which turns the vibration into the ossicles. Ossicles: three tiny bones in the middle ear, it vibrates the tympanic membrane vibrates and transfers to the oval window.

Question 31

Inner ear

Answer 31

Cochlea: Vibration of the ossicles leads to vibration of fluids within the cochlea through the oval window. Vestibulocochlear nerve: nerve (bundles of axons) that transmits sound information from the inner ear to the brain.

Question 32

Anatomy of the cochlea:

Answer 32

Organ of corti: the primary receptor organ for hearing Hair cells: auditory receptors Stereocilla: hair like projections on top of hair cells that detect fluid movement Physically connected via like tip links (they link the tips) When it moves the other one moves with it opens mechanically gated channels Potassium enters the cell = makes it positive Calcium enters= releases neurotransmitter onto the vestibulocochlear nerve Nerve transmit info to brain

Question 33

Hearing loss is permanent:

Answer 33

Third most common health problem in the US Extended exposure to loud sound can damage (kill hair cells) Hair cells do not regenerate Exposure to antibiotic, injury, and loud noises irreversibly damage hair cells.

Question 34

How do we study hearing loss?

Answer 34

Zebrafish have similar hair cells on the outside of the body Zebrafish can regenerate hair cells Exposure to antibiotic, injury, and loud noises kill hair cells in zebrafish, but regenerate within days

Question 35

Tinnitus

Answer 35

A constant ringing that will never go away

Question 36

Auditory Pathway

Answer 36

Cochlear nucleus: Processing of auditory info begins here. Superior olive: Integrates ascending and descending auditory info Inferior colliculus: Multi-sensory integration. Important for filtering of sound. Medial geniculate nucleus: Final step before processing Primary auditory cortex: Temporal lobe structure that makes sense of cochlea’s info