Ch. 7 Skeletal Tissues (exam 2)

Question 1

Hemopoieses

Answer 1

Production of blood cells and platelets which occurs in the bone marrow

Question 2

Ossification

Answer 2

The process of bone formation

Question 3

Sinus

Answer 3

A hollow space or cavity in the body

Question 4

What are the two types of bones?

Answer 4

-cancellous (spongy)
-compact

Question 5

What are the characteristics of cancellous (spongy) bones?

Answer 5

Porous, light, fragile

Question 6

What are the characteristics of compact bone?

Answer 6

Dense, hard, solid

Question 7

What are some examples of long bones?

Answer 7

-femur
-humerus
-tibia
-fibula
-ulna
-radius

Question 8

What are some examples of short bones?

Answer 8

-carpal bones
-tarsal bones (talus, calcaneus)

Question 9

What are some examples of flat bones?

Answer 9

-skull
-occipital
-frontal
-parietal
-nasal
-lacrimal
-ribs

Question 10

What are some examples of irregular bones?

Answer 10

-coccyx
-sacrum
-mandible
-maxilla
-vertebrae
-hyoid

Question 11

What are the parts of a long bone?

Answer 11

Diaphysis, epiphysis, periosteum, endosteum, articular cartilage

Question 12

What is the periosteum of a long bone?

Answer 12

Outer surface

Question 13

Inorganic matrix of bone

Answer 13

composed of inorganic salt called hydroxyapatite made up of calcium phosphate which gives the bone its hardness

Question 14

Organic matrix of bone

Answer 14

Composed of protein fibers (collagen) and glycoproteins. Gives bone its flexibility

Question 15

Where is compact bone located?

Answer 15

Outer layer of long bones

Question 16

What is compact bone useful for?

Answer 16

Providing protection and support

Question 17

Where is spongy bone located?

Answer 17

Ends of long bones, within pelvic, ribs, and skull bones

Question 18

What is spongy bone useful for?

Answer 18

Lightweight and provides tissue support

Question 19

What is spongy bone appearance formed by?

Answer 19

Plates of bone called trabeculae

Question 20

Where does trabeculae develop?

Answer 20

Along bone’s line of stress

Question 21

Osteoblasts

Answer 21

Cells that form new bones and grow and heal existing bones

Question 22

Osteoclasts

Answer 22

Cells that break down old or damaged bone to make room for new bone tissue

Question 23

What is another word for bone marrow?

Answer 23

Myeloid tissue

Question 24

Where is bone marrow located?

Answer 24

In medullary cavity (long bone) and among trabeculae (spongy bone)

Question 25

What is the function of bone marrow (myeloid tissue)?

Answer 25

Site for production of blood cells

Question 26

Red marrow

Answer 26

-produces blood cells -in vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of femur and humerus in adults

Question 27

Yellow marrow

Answer 27

Fatty marrow of long bones in adults (stores fat and connective tissue)

Question 28

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 28

-support -protection -movement -mineral storage (calcium) -production of red blood cells -homeostasis of calcium levels

Question 29

How much calcium do bones store?

Answer 29

99% of the body’s calcium

Question 30

Parathyroid hormone

Answer 30

Released when calcium levels in the blood are decreased

Question 31

How does parathyroid hormone work?

Answer 31

Osteoclasts are stimulated to increase bone resorption and calcium is released in the blood

Question 32

Calcitonin

Answer 32

Released when calcium levels are increased in the blod

Question 33

How does calcitonin work?

Answer 33

Osteoblasts are stimulated to increase bone deposition and calcium is removed from the blood

Question 34

Osteogenesis

Answer 34

Bone formation

Question 35

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 35

Occurs within a connective membrane. **Adds bone tissue to outer surface**

Question 36

Endochondral ossification

Answer 36

Occurs within a cartilage model. **increases in diameter and length**

Question 37

How do most bones develop?

Answer 37

Endochondrial ossification

Question 38

Where do bones grow in length?

Answer 38

Epiphyseal plate

Question 39

How do bones grow in diameter?

Answer 39

Combined action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Question 40

When does remodeling of bone happen?

Answer 40

Throughout life

Question 41

What is remodeling activity important for?

Answer 41

Homeostasis of blood calcium levels

Question 42

What happens when a bone fractures?

Answer 42

Tears and destroys blood vessels that carry nutrients to osteocytes

Question 43

What is callus?

Answer 43

Specialized repair tissue that binds the broken ends of the fracture together so healing can proceed

Question 44

How long does it take for fractures to repair?

Answer 44

Normally 8-12 weeks (longer in elderly)

Question 45

Stages of healing: fracture hematoma (1)

Answer 45

Clot forms, then osteogenic cells form granulation tissue

Question 46

Stages of healing: soft callus (2)

Answer 46

Fibroblasts produce fibers and fibrocartilage

Question 47

Stages of healing: hard callus (3)

Answer 47

Osteoblasts produce a bony collar in 6 weeks

Question 48

Stages of healing: remodeling (4)

Answer 48

3-4 months. Spongy bone replaced by compact bone

Question 49

Phases of repair of fractures

Answer 49

1. **Reactive phase**- formation of fracture hematoma 2a. **Reparative phase**- fibrocartiliginous callus formation 2b. **Reparative phase**- bony callus formation 3. **Bone remodeling phase**

Question 50

How does deficiency of vitamin A affect bone growth?

Answer 50

Delays bone development

Question 51

How does deficiency of vitamin C affect bone growth?

Answer 51

Results in fragile bones

Question 52

How does deficiency of vitamin D affect bone growth?

Answer 52

Rickets, osteomalacia (softening of bone)

Question 53

Insufficient growth hormone (bone growth)

Answer 53

Dwarfism

Question 54

Excessive growth hormone (bone growth)

Answer 54

Gigantism, acromegaly

Question 55

Insufficient thyroid hormone (bone growth)

Answer 55

Delays bone growth

Question 56

Sex hormones (bone growth)

Answer 56

Promote bone formation; stimulate ossification of epiphysis plates

Question 57

Physical stress (bone growth)

Answer 57

Stimulates bone remodeling

Question 58

Ligaments

Answer 58

-connect bone to bone -strengthen and reinforce capsule

Question 59

Bursae

Answer 59

Sacs outside most synovial joints where ligaments, muscles, tendons, and/or bones rub

Question 60

Tendon sheaths

Answer 60

Elongated bursae around tendons, particularly in confined areas where tendons rub each other

Question 61

Osteoporosis

Answer 61

Bones lose mass and become increasingly brittle and subject to fractures (more prevalent in women)

Question 62

Scoliosis

Answer 62

Curvature of the spine. Affects thoracic or lumbar area

Question 63

Kyphosis

Answer 63

Flattening of the spine (hunchback). Affects thoracic area

Question 64

Lordosis

Answer 64

Anterior pushing in of the spine. Affects lumbar area