Chapter 3 & 4

Question 1

Plasma cell membrane

Answer 1

-surrounds cell
-made of proteins and lipids

Question 2

Cytoplasm

Answer 2

-Gel-like substance that contains organelles, cytoskeleton, and cytosol (water based intracellular fluid (ICF))

Question 3

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Answer 3

Fluid outside of cell

Question 4

What does the plasma membrane do

Answer 4

-defines cell boundaries
-governs interactions with other cells
-controls passage of materials in and out of cell

Question 5

What is the intracellular face of the plasma membrane?

Answer 5

Side that faces cytoplasm

Question 6

What is the extracellular face in plasma membrane?

Answer 6

Side that faces outward

Question 7

What is the primary structure of a cell membrane?

Answer 7

Double layer (bilayer) of phospholipid molecules

Question 8

In the phospholipid bilayer, are the heads hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Answer 8

Hydrophilic (water-loving)

Question 9

In the phospholipid bilayer, are the tails hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Answer 9

Hydrophobic (water-fearing)

Question 10

Why do water-soluble molecules not pass through the phospholipid bilayer easily?

Answer 10

Most of the bilayer is hydrophobic

Question 11

What is an organelle?

Answer 11

Small structure that performs a specialized function for the cell

Question 12

List the membranous organelles

Answer 12

Nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi complex

Question 13

List the nonmembraneus organelles

Answer 13

Ribosomes, centrioles

Question 14

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 14

Contains DNA, houses nucleolus which produces ribosomes

Question 15

What is the function of mitochondria?

Answer 15

-power plant of the cell
-major site of ATP synthesis
-provides about 95% of cells energy supply

Question 16

What is the function and composition of ribosomes?

Answer 16

-site of protein synthesis
-composed of RNA and protein
-made in nucleolus

Question 17

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) function

Answer 17

Protein synthesis and transport to Golgi (has attached ribosomes)

Question 18

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smoothER) function

Answer 18

Manufactures lipids, detoxification (liver and kidney)
-no attached ribosomes

Question 19

What is the function of the Golgi complex?

Answer 19

Modification, packaging, and distribution of protein molecules from the ER

Question 20

What are the functions of lysosomes?

Answer 20

-enzymes in lysosomes digest large molecules
-cells digestive system/garbage disposal and recycling center of cell

Question 21

What are peroxisomes produced by?

Answer 21

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 22

What are the functions of peroxisomes and where are they abundant in the body?

Answer 22

Neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol, drugs, and a variety of blood-borne toxins
-abundant in liver and kidney

Question 23

What is the function of centrioles?

Answer 23

Cell division

Question 24

What are cilia and what is the function

Answer 24

Appendages projecting from cell surfaces, moves materials over the cell surface

Question 25

What is the function of flagella

Answer 25

Move the cell in wave-like fashion -ex. Sperm cell

Question 26

What is microvilli and its function?

Answer 26

Extension of plasma membrane, involved in absorption of material (do not move)

Question 27

What is selectively permeable?

Answer 27

Allows some things through, and prevents other things from entering and leaving the cell

Question 28

Does passive transport require ATP?

Answer 28

No, no ATP is required

Question 29

Does active transport require ATP?

Answer 29

Yes

Question 30

Passive transport examples

Answer 30

Filtration, simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

Question 31

Active transport examples

Answer 31

Endocytosis, exocytosis, sodium-potassium pump

Question 32

What is simple diffusion?

Answer 32

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached

Question 33

What factors affect diffusion rate through a membrane?

Answer 33

-temperature (higher temp=faster rate) -surface area -molecular weight (larger molecules move slower)

Question 34

What is osmosis

Answer 34

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Question 35

What is an isotonic solution

Answer 35

When a solution has the same potential osmotic pressure as the cell (Cell neither shrinks nor swells)

Question 36

What is hypertonic solution

Answer 36

Solution that has a higher osmotic pressure than the cell (cells lose water and shrivel)

Question 37

What is hypotonic

Answer 37

Solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than the cell (cells absorbs water,swells, and may burst)

Question 38

Where does water move in a hypotonic solution

Answer 38

It moves to the hypertonic solution

Question 39

What is filtration?

Answer 39

Process in which particles move from a side of greater pressure to lower pressure by hydrostatic pressure

Question 40

What is osmotic pressure

Answer 40

Water pressure that develops in a solution across a semi-permeable membrane as the result of osmosis

Question 41

What is hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 41

Force of a fluid pushing against a surface

Question 42

What is facilitated diffusion

Answer 42

Protein carrier that helps (facilitates) the diffusion process and does not require energy

Question 43

What is active transport via protein pumps?

Answer 43

Carrier-mediated transport of solute through a membrane up (against) its concentration gradient

Question 44

What is endocytosis

Answer 44

Bringing material into the cell

Question 45

What is exocytosis

Answer 45

Moving material out of the cell

Question 46

What is phagocytosis

Answer 46

Engulfment of solid material (cell-eating)

Question 47

What is pinocytosis

Answer 47

Engulfment of liquid material (cell-drinking)

Question 48

What is good cholesterol and what is bad cholesterol?

Answer 48

LDL=bad HDL=good

Question 49

What is DNA

Answer 49

A double-stranded polymer (composed of nucleotides) that functions to store genetic information

Question 50

What is a gene

Answer 50

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein

Question 51

What is a genome

Answer 51

All the genes of one organism

Question 52

What is mitosis

Answer 52

One cell divides into 2 daughter cells with identical copies of DNA

Question 53

Functions of mitosis

Answer 53

-embryonic development -tissue growth -replacement of dead cells -repair of injured tissues

Question 54

Phases of mitosis (nuclear division)

Answer 54

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 55

What is meiosis

Answer 55

Cell division in which sex cells (gametes) are formed -chromosome number is reduced by half

Question 56

What is cellular respiration

Answer 56

Catabolic pathway in which glucose is broken down to yield its stored energy

Question 57

What are the three pathways of cellular respiration

Answer 57

-glycolysis -citric acid cycle -electron transport system (ETS)

Question 58

How much ATP does glycolysis produce

Answer 58

2 ATP -(does not require oxygen)

Question 59

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 59

Within cytoplasm

Question 60

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

Answer 60

Inside the mitochondria

Question 61

Does the citric acid cycle require energy and how much ATP does it produce?

Answer 61

Does not require energy, produces 2 ATP

Question 62

Where does electron transport system take place?

Answer 62

In the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Question 63

Does the electron transport system require energy?

Answer 63

No

Question 64

How much ATP does the electron transport system produce?

Answer 64

3 ATP for each NADH 2 ATP for each FADH2

Question 65

Process of breathing, eating, and cellular respiration (4 steps)

Answer 65

1-oxygen is taken in by breathing, digested food contains glucose 2-oxygen and glucose are carried to cells by the bloodstream 3-oxygen and glucose enter cells where cellular respiration occurs 4- CO2 is taken by the bloodstream to the lungs