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BIOL 223 Lecture > CH 8 - Joints & Movement > Flashcards

CH 8 - Joints & Movement Flashcards

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1
Q

Articulation

A

Site of bone-to-bone connection

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2
Q

Arthrology

A

The study of joints

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3
Q

What is the relationship between joint strength and mobility?

A

Inversely proportional

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4
Q

Range of motion (ROM)

A

The amount or degree of movement

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5
Q

What are structural classifications based on?

A

The anatomical organization of the joint

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6
Q

What are functional classifications based on?

A

The range of motion of the joint

*Further divided based on anatomical structure

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7
Q

What are the three types of structural classifications?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

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8
Q

What are the 4 subtypes of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures, gomphosis, syndesmosis, and interosseous membranes

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9
Q

Suture

A

The joint that exists only between the skull bones, interlocked by sutural ligaments (dense fibrous CT)

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10
Q

Gomphosis

A

A joint that binds teeth to their alveoli with periodontal ligaments (dense fibrous CT)

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11
Q

Syndesmosis

A

A joint connecting bones with a cord or band of dense fibrous CT

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12
Q

Interosseous membrane

A

A subtype of syndesmosis where the dense fibrous CT connecting bones is in the form of a thick sheet

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13
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondrosis and symphysis

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14
Q

Synchondrosis

A

A rigid, hyaline cartilage bridge between two articulating bones

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15
Q

Symphysis

A

A pad of fibrocartilage between two articulating bones

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16
Q

What are the 6 subtypes of synovial joints?

A 
Hinge
Ball-and-socket
Pivot
Plane (gliding) 
Saddle
Ellipsoid (condylar)
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17
Q

Synostosis

A

A completely immovable joint without a joint cavity in which the joint or cartilage ossifies

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18
Q

What are the three types of functional classifications?

A

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis

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19
Q

Synarthrosis

A

An extremely strong, immovable joint with no range of motion

*Bony edges may interlock or fuse to prevent movement

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20
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

A strong, slightly moveable joint with little range of motion

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21
Q

Diarthrosis (synovial joint)

A

A freely moveable joint, typically at the ends of long bones

*Weakest type of joint

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22
Q

What are the 4 subtypes of a diarthrosis? How are they divided?

A

Nonaxial, monaxial (uniaxial), biaxial, triaxial (multiaxial)

Divided by the nature/plane of their movement

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23
Q

Describe the movement in a nonaxial (translational) plane.

A

Gliding back-and-forth & side-to-side movement

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24
Q

Describe the movement in a monaxial (uniaxial) plane.

A

Movement along one axis, either angular or rotational

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25
Describe the movement in a biaxial plane.
Movement along two axes *Two or more angular movements but NOT rotational
26
Describe the movement in a triaxial (multiaxial) plane.
Movement along three axes with angular and rotational movement
27
What are the 4 features that all diarthroses (synovial joints) have?
Articular cartilage, a joint (articular) capsule, a joint (synovial) cavity, and reinforcing accessory structures
28
Describe the articular cartilage of a diarthrosis.
Hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of the bones forming the joint * No perichondrium * More watery matrix
29
Describe the joint (articular) capsule of a diarthrosis.
A sleeve enclosing the joint surfaces that is continuous with the periosteum of the articulating bones * Inner synovial membrane made of synoviocytes, areolar CT, and elastic fibers * Outer fibrous membrane made of dense collagenous CT
30
Describe the joint cavity of a diarthrosis.
A space enclosed by the joint capsule that contains a thin film of synovial fluid
31
What is synovial fluid?
A lubricating fluid for joints that resembles interstitial fluid but with a high concentration of proteoglycans
32
What are the 3 primary functions of synovial fluid?
Lubrication, nutrient distribution, and shock absorption
33
List the reinforcing accessory structures of a diarthrosis.
``` Pads of cartilage or fat Tendons Tendon sheaths Bursae Ligaments Sensory nerve and blood vessels ```
34
What is a fat pad?
Localized masses of adipose tissue, found superficial to the joint capsule, that protect articular cartilage and act as packing material for the joint
35
Meniscus
A pad of fibrocartilage
36
What are the functions of a meniscus?
Shock absorption Improve fit between articulating surfaces to stabilize the joint Weight distribution over a greater contact surface
37
Proprioceptors
A sensory receptor that monitors position, movement, and stretch of the muscle and joint
38
Sprain
A condition where the ligament is stretched to the point where some or all of the collagen fibers are torn
39
Bursa
A small, flat pocket of synovial fluid that lessens friction between rubbing surfaces *Inner synovial membrane, outer fibrous membrane
40
Tendon sheaths
Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon *Inner synovial membrane, outer fibrous membrane
41
Luxation
A complete dislocation in which articulating bones are forced out of position, damaging articular cartilage, ligaments, and the joint capsule
42
Subluxation
A partial dislocation
43
Describe gliding (linear) structure and movement.
Articulating bones move linearly, slipping past each other *Back/forth, side-to-side
44
Describe angular structure and movement. *
Articulating bone can change the angle that pivots at the point of articulation * Flextion, extension, hyperextension * Abduction, adduction * Circumduction
45
Describe rotational structure and movement.
Articulating bone can spin at the point of articulation around its longitudinal axis *Not a complete 360°
46
Flexion
Angle decreases between articulating bones
47
Extension
Angle increases between articulating bones
48
Hyperextention
Extension past the anatomical position
49
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body along frontal plane
50
Adduction
Movement towards the midline of the body along frontal plane
51
Circumduction
A special type of angular movement * The hand traces a circle while the shoulder traces a cone * Not rotation
52
Rotation
Direction of rotation from anatomical position relative to the longitudinal exis of the body * Left or right * Medial (rotation towards axis) * Lateral (rotation away from axis)
53
Pronation
Position in which the palms face posteriorly
54
Supination
Position in which the palms face anteriorly (anatomical position)
55
Inversion
Twisting the sole of the foot medially
56
Eversion
Twisting the sole of the foot laterally
57
Dorsiflexion
Flexion at the ankle (lifting toes)
58
Plantar flexion
Extension at the ankle (pointing toes)
59
Opposition
Moving the thumb towards the palm (grasping)
60
Reposition
Moving the thumb back to anatomical position
61
Protraction
Moving anteriorly in the horizontal plane (pushing forward)
62
Retraction
Moving posteriorly in the horizontal plane (pulling back)
63
Elevation
Movement in the superior direction
64
Depression
Movement in the inferior direction
65
Lateral excursion
Mandible moves the the right or left
66
Medial excursion
Mandible returns to the midline
67
Describe the movement of a plane (gliding) joint.
Flattened/curved articulating surfaces that slide across each other slightly (nonaxial)
68
Describe the movement of a hinge joint.
Angular movement in one axis (monaxial/uniaxial)
69
Describe the movement of a pivot joint.
Rotational movement in one axis (monaxial/uniaxial)
70
Describe the movement of an ellipsoid (condylar) joint.
Oval articular face within a depression allowing for angular movements around two axes (biaxial) *No rotation
71
Describe the movement of a saddle joint.
Concave-convex articulation allowing for angular movement around two axes (biaxial) *No rotation
72
Describe the movement of a ball-and-socket joint.
Round head of one bone with a cup-shaped depression in another allowing for all combinations of angular and rotational movements (triaxial/multiaxial)
73
Glenoid labrum
A ring of fibrocartilage in the socket of the shoulder joint that deepens the socket
74
List the muscles of the shoulder (rotator cuff).
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres minor
75
List the joints of the elbow.
``` Humeroulnar joint (hinge) Humeroradial joint (hinge) Proximal radioulnar joint (pivot) ```
76
List the ligaments of the elbow.
Radial collateral ligament - stabilize lateral surface Ulnar collateral ligament - stabilize medial surface Radial annular ligament - bind head of radius to ulna
77
Acetabular labrum
A ring of fibrocartilage in the socket of the hip joint that deepens the socket
78
List the ligaments of the hip.
``` Iliofemoral Ischiofemoral Pubofemoral Transverse acetabular Ligamentum teres ```
79
List the ligaments of the knee.
``` Patellar ligament 2 popliteal ligaments Anterior cruciate ligament Posterior cruciate ligament Medial (tibial) collateral ligament Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament ```
81
Arthritis
A general term that encompasses all the rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints *Always includes articular cartilage damage
82
Osteoarthritis (OA, degenerative arthritis, degenerative joint disease)
Most common form of arthritis in people 60+ Slow, irreversible, chronic degenerative condition that can result from cumulative wear and tear, genetic factors, earlier joint injury, or obesity
83
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
An inflammatory disorder or autoimmune disease that usually occurs in ages 40-50 Symmetrical restricted joint movement and pain with flare ups and remissions
84
Pannus
Inflamed synovial membrane
85
Ankylosis
Immobility due to the fusion of bones
86
Gouty arthritis (gout)
An accumulation of uric acid crystals (from purine metabolism) within the synovial joint Pain and inflammation that usually affects a single joint
87
Rheumatism
A general term that indicates pain and stiffness of the joints
88
What are the 3 C’s of knee injuries?
Cruciates, collaterals, cartilages
89
What are 2 examples of synostosis?
Epiphyseal line Fusion of frontal bones
90
What are 2 examples of synchondrosis?
Epiphyseal plate 1st sternochondral joint
91
What is an example of syndesmosis?
Anterior tibiofibular ligament
92
What are 2 examples of interosseous membranes?
Between tibia/fibula Between radius/ulna
93
What is an example of gomphosis?
Bony sockets in mandible/maxillae
94
What are 4 examples of symphysis?
Pubic symphysis Intervertebral discs Manubriosternal symphyses Xiphisternal symphyses
95
What are 6 examples of plane/gliding joints?
Acromioclavicular joint Claviculosternal joint Intercarpal joints Intertarsal joints Vertebrocostal joints Sacro-iliac joints
96
What are 4 examples of hinge joints?
Elbow Knee Ankle Interphalangeal joint
97
What are 2 examples of pivot joints?
Atlanto-axial joint Proximal radio-ulnar joint
98
What are 3 examples of ellipsoid/condylar joints?
Radiocarpal joint Metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5 Metatarsophalangeal joints
99
What is an example of a saddle joint?
1st carpometacarpal joint
100
What are 2 examples of ball-and-socket joints?
Shoulder Hip

BIOL 223 Lecture (26 decks)

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