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BIOL 223 Lecture > Integ. System - Skin > Flashcards

Integ. System - Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major components of the integumentary system?

A

Cutaneous membrane and accessory structures (hair, nails, exocrine glands)

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2
Q

What layers of the skin are part of the cutaneous membrane/integumentary system?

A

Epidermis- avascular epithelial tissue

Dermis- vascular connective tissue

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3
Q

What are the 3 exocrine glands involved in the integumentary system?

A

Sebaceous, ceruminous, and sudoriferous glands

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4
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

A

Sebum (oil)

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5
Q

What do ceruminous glands secrete?

A

Cerumen (wax)

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6
Q

What do sudoriferous glands secrete?

A

Perspiration (sweat)

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7
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis and what are their ratios?

A 
Papillary later (top 20%)
Reticular layer (bottom 80%)
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8
Q

What does the papillary layer consist of?

A

Areolar tissue, small capillaries, lymphatics, sensory neurons

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9
Q

What does the reticular layer consist of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue, collagen fibers, elastic fibers, large blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands

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10
Q

What are other names for the hypodermis?

A

Subcutaneous
SubQ
Superficial fascia

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11
Q

What are the “mountains” of dermal papillae called?

A

Dermal papillae

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12
Q

What are the “valleys” of dermal papillae called?

A

Epidermal ridges

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13
Q

What kind of epithelium is the epidermis made of?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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14
Q

What are the four principal cell types in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells (with their merkel disc neuron sub parts)

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15
Q

What protein do melanocytes produce?

A

Melanin

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16
Q

Eumelanin

A

Type of melanin that produces brown and black colors

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17
Q

Pheomelanin

A

Type of melanin that produces yellow and brown colors

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18
Q

Carotene

A

An orange-yellow pigment that normally accumulates in epidermal cells and adipose tissue

*Can be converted to vitamin A

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19
Q

Describe melanin’s production and travel

A

Melanocytes produce and package melanin into melanosomes.

Keratinocytes uptake the melanosomes, open them and release melanin to cytoplasm of the keratinocytes.

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20
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Most predominant epithelial cells in the dermis that produce keratin & lamellar granules

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21
Q

What is found inside keratinocytes?

A

Keratin intermediate filaments

*Not yet fully formed keratin

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22
Q

Lamellar granules

A

Specialized organelles found in keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum

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23
Q

What are the five layers of strata from deepest to most superficial?

A

Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum

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24
Q

How many layers of cells make up the stratum basale?

A

One layer of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes bound to basement membrane by hemidesmosomes

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25
What are the dividing cells undergoing mitosis in the stratum basale called?
Basale (germinative) cells *Divide horizontally and vertically. Oldest cells are most superficial
26
What are the specialized cells of the stratum basale?
Merkel cells (and merkel discs) and melanocytes
26
What is the keratin status in the stratum basale?
Sparse keratin intermediate fibers in cytoplasm
27
How many layers of keratinocytes make up the stratum spinosum?
8-10 layers bound by desmosomes
28
What cells make up the stratum spinosum?
The old cells that are pushed up after mitosis from the stratum basale
29
What are the specialized cells found in the stratum spinosum?
Langerhans cells (Responsible for immunity) Lamellar granules
30
What is the keratin status of the stratum spinosum?
Keratinocytes produce coarse bundles of keratin intermediates
31
How many layers of cells make up the stratum granulosum?
3-5 layers of keratinocytes that begin apoptosis and stop producing keratin
32
What are the specialized cells in the stratum granulosum?
Keratohyalin granules and lamellar bodies
33
What do keratohyalin granules do?
Release proteins that bind keratin intermediates into thick keratin bundles
34
What do lamellar bodies do?
Release a lipid mixture that attaches the cell envelope to more superficial cells
35
Cell envelope
A collection of layers of proteins on the inner leaflet of plasma membranes that thickens the membrane
36
How many cell layers make up the stratum lucidum?
4-6 layers *Only present in thick skin
37
Describe the cells of the stratum lucidum.
Cells are clear, flat, and dead with large amounts of keratin and a cell envelope.
38
How many cell layers are in the stratum corneum?
15-50+ layers of dead/flat keratinocytes containing keratin.
39
Keratinization
The formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin *Occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except the eyes
40
How long is the skin life cycle?
It takes 4-6 weeks for a cell to move from stratum basale to stratum corneum and ultimately shed
41
Where is thin skin located?
Hairy skin *Except for lips and external genitalia
42
Is the dermis thicker in thin or thick skin?
Thin skin
43
What glands are found in thin skin?
Sebaceous glands, merocrine sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands
44
Where is thick skin found?
Fingertips, toes, soles of feet, palms of hands
45
What glands are found in thick skin?
Only merocrine sweat glands
46
Are epidermal ridges found in thin or thick skin?
Thick skin
47
How do melanocytes affect skin pigmentation?
All races have same number of melanocytes, but their activity level and type of melanin produced will vary
48
What two factors are involved in skin coloration?
Epidermal pigmentation and dermal circulation
49
Skin turgor
Properties of flexibility and resilience, indicating a hydrated or dehydrated state
50
Lines of cleavage (tension lines)
Collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis arranged in parallel bundles that resist force in a specific direction
51
Plexus
A network of blood vessels or nerves
52
Subpapillary plexus
Blood vessels in the papillary layer that give rise to capillary loops
53
Cutaneous plexus
Blood vessels in the hypodermis layer that branch into the reticular layer of the dermis
54
What do the nerve fibers (neurons) in the skin control?
Blood flow and gland secretions
55
What do the sensory receptors (nerve endings) in the skin do?
Provide cutaneous sensations
56
What sensation do merkel cells and their discs detect?
Steady, light pressure
57
What sensation do tactile corpuscles detect?
Light rubbing
58
What sensation do bulbous corpuscles detect?
Steady pressure and stretching
59
What sensations do free nerve endings detect?
Temperature, touch, pain, pressure
60
What sensations do lamellated corpuscles detect?
Deep pressure and vibration
61
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
Thermoregulation, blood reservoir, protection, cutaneous sensation, excretion and absorption, synthesis of vitamin D
62
How does the integumentary system provide protection?
Keratin- protects underlying tissues from microbes, abrasion, heat, chemicals Lipids- inhibit evaporation Sebum- moisture for hair/nails, contains bactericidal chemicals Acid pH- retards growth of microbes; acidic mantle of skin Melanin- UV protection Langerhans cells- immunity; phagocytizes microbes
63
What do arteries do?
Move blood away from the heart *Drawn in red
64
What do veins do?
Move blood to the heart *Drawn in blue
65
What do capillaries do?
Site of exchange between veins and arteries
66
What are sebaceous glands?
Exocrine glands in the skin that secrete sebum through holocrine mode of secretion
67
Sebum
A mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and electrolytes
68
What are sudoriferous glands?
Exocrine glands in the skin that secrete sweat through merocrine mode of secretion
69
Where are apocrine sweat glands found?
Armpit, nipples, pubic/groin region
70
What is the sweat produced by apocrine sweat glands like? | Where does it secrete?
Sticky, cloudy, potentially smelly Secreted into hair follicle
71
What is the secretory activity of apocrine sweat glands controlled by?
Nervous system and hormones
72
What is the sweat produced by merocrine sweat glands like? | Where does it secrete?
Watery secretions of water, salt, organic compounds Secreted directly onto skin surface
73
What are the functions of merocrine sweat glands?
Cool the skin, excrete water/electrolytes, flush microorganisms and harmful chemicals from skin
74
Insensible perspiration
Interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum *From burns, blisters, hypertonic solution immersion
75
Sensible perspiration
Water excreted by sweat glands
76
What are the effects of aging?
``` Epidermal thinning Decreased langerhans cells Decreased vitamin D3 production Decreased melanocyte activity Decreased glandular activity Loss of subcutaneous fat ```

BIOL 223 Lecture (26 decks)

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