Ch 9

Question 1

What causes upward mobility ?

Answer 1

advances in technology
changes in merchandising patterns
increase in the populations general level of education
changes in jobs

Question 2

What causes downward mobility?

Answer 2

breakthroughs in technology
economic changes
divorce, recession, illness, retirement, STUPIDITY

Question 3

Social stratification

Answer 3

Ranking of individuals or categories of people on the basis of unequal access to scare resources and social rewards.

Question 4

Social inequality

Answer 4

Unequal sharing of social rewards and resources

Question 5

2 major classification systems

Answer 5

Class and caste

Question 6

3 dimensions of social stratification

Answer 6

Prestige
Wealth
Power

Question 7

Caste system

Answer 7

Scare resources and rewards are distributed on the basis of ascribed status

Question 8

Class system

Answer 8

Scare resources and rewards are determined on the basis of achieved status

Question 9

Exogamy

Answer 9

Caste system forbids this

Marriage outside ones own social category

Question 10

Endogamy

Answer 10

Caste systems practice this

Marriage within ones own social category

Question 11

In the class system, society is divided into 2 basic groups

Answer 11

Bourgeoisie- owners of the means of production in a capitalist society
Proletariat- workers who sell their labor in exchange for wages

Question 12

Social class

Answer 12

Grouping of people with similar levels of wealth, power, and prestige.

Question 13

Wealth

Answer 13

Made up of his or her assets- value of everything the person owns- and income- money earned through salaries

Question 14

Power

Answer 14

Ability to control the behavior of other, with or without their consent

Question 15

Prestige

Answer 15

Respect, honor, recognition, or courtesy an individual receives from other members of society.

Question 16

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Answer 16

Make the ranking of ppl according to he 3 factors possible.

Combines educational level, occupational prestige, and place of residence with the economic factor of income.

Question 17

Functionalist theory

Answer 17

Certain roles in society must be performed to maintain the system, w/o rewards jobs wouldn’t be fulfilled

Question 18

Conflict theory

Answer 18

Competition over scare resources cause social inequality.

Question 19

What do the theories offer?

Answer 19

Used to explain social stratification in causes and consequences.

Question 20

3 basic techniques to rank individuals according to social class

Answer 20

Reputational method
Subjective method
Objective method

Question 21

Reputational method

Answer 21

Individuals in the community are asked to rank other community members based on what they know of their characters and lifestyles.

Question 22

Subjective method

Answer 22

Individuals are asked to determine the own social rank.

Question 23

Objective method

Answer 23

(Least biased)
Sociologists define social class in terms of income, occupation, and education.

Question 24

Upper class 
Education
Housing
Occupations
Leisure-time activities
Favorite sports

Answer 24

Prestigious schools
Luxurious homes
Top positions in gov and private enterprise
Giving money to charity, exclusive resort vacations
Polo/golf

Question 25

``` Upper middle class Education Housing Occupations Leisure-time activities Favorite sports ```

Answer 25

``` College education w/degree Large houses High income business people & professionals Yearly vacations Bowling/tennis ```

Question 26

``` Lower middle class Education Housing Occupations Leisure-time activities Favorite sports ```

Answer 26

``` Less than 4 year education in college Comfortable housing, average home Nursing, management, and sales. Small business owners Minimum & shorter vacations Softball ```

Question 27

``` Working class Education Housing Occupations Leisure-time activities Favorite sports ```

Answer 27

``` High school diploma Small home/ decent apartment Factory workers, service jobs (MANUAL LABOR) Shorter vacations Basketball ```

Question 28

``` Lower class Education Housing Occupations Leisure-time activities Favorite sports ```

Answer 28

``` Lack of education, high school dropouts Cheap apartment Housecleaning, migrant farm work, day laboring Panhandling & sitting around Gambling on illicit animal fights ```

Question 29

What 2 classes does the lower class involve?

Answer 29

Working poor and underclass

Question 30

Which class has blue collar jobs and which has white?

Answer 30

Blue-working class (manual labor) | White-lower middle class (no manual labor)

Question 31

Vertical social mobility | Example

Answer 31

``` Movement between social classes or strata in which the individual moves from one social class level to another Ex. Up/down rages to riches Walt Disney ```

Question 32

Horizontal social mobility

Answer 32

``` Individual moved from one position in a social class level to another position in the same social class level Ex. Move from one job to another of equal social ranking Accountant moves from one firm to another, but wealth/power/prestige does not change ```

Question 33

Different between vertical and horizontal social mobility

Answer 33

``` Vertical- movement between Horizontal- movement within a social class or stratum ```

Question 34

Intergenerational social mobility

Answer 34

(Special form of vertical mobility) Status differences between generations in the same family Ex. Son/daughter of auto mechanic who becomes a doctor. Taylor swift

Question 35

2 kinds of vertical mobility

Answer 35

Upward and downward

Question 36

Poverty

Answer 36

Standard of living that is below the minimum level considered decent and reasonable by society Below the minimum level considered adequate.

Question 37

Poverty level

Answer 37

Minimum income

Question 38

How is poverty level determined?

Answer 38

Government calculates it by calculating the cost of providing an adequate diet and multiplying it by 3 because poor people spend 1/3 of their income on food.

Question 39

What characteristics affect poverty?

Answer 39

Age, sex, race & ethnicity/cultural background

Question 40

What do poor and wealthy members of society differ on?

Answer 40

Range of their life chances and in their behavior patterns

Question 41

Transfer payments

Answer 41

Government uses this to redistribute money among various segments of society.

Question 42

Can one live an adequate life off minimum wage?

Answer 42

It's possible, but not a good idea. Difficult and sacrifices have to been made if one does not save/spend their money wisely. Ex. Brad and Angelina in debt bc of child care and either have to get another job or give up things like cable

Question 43

Most median income comparing race as of 2013

Answer 43

Asians Whites Hispanics Then blacks

Question 44

Example of panhandlers | Do they get themselves in predicament?

Answer 44

Ray- out of his control. Hit by a car Ted- good education at Harvard but sent bombs in the mail and went to jail bc he was a unabomber. His fault that he is a panhandler now and killed 3 ppl.