CH.1,2,15,11

Question 1

what are Pathogens?

Answer 1

microbes that causes diseases

Question 1

who developed the microscope and did accurate drawings?

Answer 1

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 2

who proposed germ theory

Answer 2

Louis Pasteur

Question 3

Who developed the first vaccination?

Answer 3

Edward Jenner

Question 3

Who ended up proving the germ theory of disease

Answer 3

Robert Kochs

Question 3

How do vaccinations work?

Answer 3

Inoculate a piece if the virus into people

Question 4

What did Semmelweiss do to prevent puerperal sepsis?

Answer 4

Wash hands

Question 5

What did Lister spray in surgical rooms to disinfect them?

Answer 5

Carbonic Acid

Question 6

What are Koch’s postulates?

Answer 6

1. suspected pathogen must be present in all diseased organism but absent in healthy indivuals
2. Pathogen must be isolated and grown in a pure culture
3. healthy organism infected with suspected pathogen must develope same signs/symptoms
4. pathogen must be re-isolated from new host and be identical to pathogen isolated in postulate 2

Question 7

What did John Snow discover?

Answer 7

Cholera outbreaks from sewer pumps near drinking supplies, giving birth to modern sanitary standards

Question 8

What scientists first discovered viruses as “filterable agents”?

Answer 8

Dimitri Ivanowsky

Question 9

How was penicillin discovered, and by whom?

Answer 9

Alexander Fleming
by leaving culture of pathogen behind and finding that it had died from a mold, created the first antibiotic

Question 10

What does it mean when it is said that life is cellular?

Answer 10

Three cell arose from a single common ancestor. Eukaryotes (true nucleus),
Bacteria (single-cell, no nucleus)
Archaea (single-cell, no nucleus, distinct from bacteria)

Question 10

What topics are included in Microbiology?

Answer 10

Helminth, Virus, Protozoan, Bacteria, Fungus

Question 11

What are the 5 I’s

Answer 11

Inoculation
Incubation
Isolation
Inspection
Identification

Question 12

Inoculation

Answer 12

microbe is placed placed into a container of growth media (solid/liquid)

Question 13

Incubation

Answer 13

incubator creates the proper growth conditions

Question 14

Isolation

Answer 14

once cultures have grown, may need to be re-inoculated and incubated to separate species

Question 15

Inspection

Answer 15

colonies on agar or broth cultures are observed macro/microscopically, possibly with the aid of staining

Question 16

Identification

Answer 16

isolated microbe is determined, usually to the species level, may require other tests like biochemical, immunologic, and genetic

Question 17

differential stain

Answer 17

gram stain or acid-fast looking for important cell structures/properties

Question 17

simple stain

Answer 17

crystal violet or methylene blue to see cell shape and arrangement

Question 18

negative stain

Answer 18

india ink or nigrisine looking for presence of capsule

Question 19

Geno typic approach

Answer 19

FISH method- probe is labeled with luminescent material
Polymerase chain reaction PCR-

Question 20

Serology approach

Answer 20

Agglutination Western Blot ELISA

Question 21

Monoclonal Antibodies

Answer 21

recognize 1 epitope, they are myelomas cell fused with B-cells to form hybridoma,

Question 22

polyclonal antibodies

Answer 22

occur because there are multiple epitopes on a pathogen

Question 22

Agglutination

Answer 22

clumping of antigens passive= antigens are absorbed onto a surface antibodies are added agglutination is observed

Question 23

Western Blot

Answer 23

-electrophoresis of antigens from a microb sample -transfer of protein embedded in the gel to filter -incubation of filter with patient serum so that antibodies compatible with the test antigen will bind -addition of secondary antibody carrying a fluorescent label to bind the FC portion of antibodies attached to the filter -comparison of the protein banding pattern with known positive and negative controls

Question 24

ELISA

Answer 24

-known antibody absorbed to surface well -unknown antigen is added, if complementary, antigen binds to antibody - enzyme-linked antibody specific for Fc portion of antibody is added -enzyme substrate is added -reaction produces visible color change