Exam 3 (CH.6,7,8)

Question 1

Essential nutrients CHONPS

Answer 1

Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Phosphate
Sulfur

Question 2

Hydrogen components

Answer 2

all organic and inorganic (salt, water, minerals)

Question 2

Carbon components

Answer 2

all organic compounds
lipids
carbs
nucleic acid
proteins

Question 3

Oxygen Components

Answer 3

-several organic and inorganic

Question 4

Phosphate components

Answer 4

-Inorganic minerals (key)
-genetic makeup of cells/viruses
-energy molecule APT (terminal phosphate to phosphate bond)
-cell membrane

Question 5

Sulfur components

Answer 5

-Inorganic minerals
-amino acids/vitamins
-shape/structure to proteins

Question 6

Heterotrophs

Answer 6

-must obtain its carbon in an organic form
-energy source = sun
-carbon source = organic compounds

Question 7

Autotroph

Answer 7

-not nutritionally dependent on other living things
-carbon source = CO2
-Energy source = sunlight

Question 8

Energy source and carbon source of
Photoautotroph
Chemoorganic
Chemolitho

Answer 8

-sunlight and CO2 (for all)
-organic compounds
-minerals/inorganic compounds

Question 9

Energy source and carbon source of
photoheterotroph
chemoheterotroph(humans)
saprobe
parasite

Answer 9

-sunlight and organic compounds (for all)
-metabolic conversion of nutrients from other organism (kill before eat)
-metabolize organic matter of dead organism
-live host

Question 10

Endocytosis

Answer 10

cell encloses substance into its membrane

Question 11

Phagocytosis

Answer 11

ingest whole cells or large solid matter

Question 12

Osmosis

Answer 12

diffusion of water through selectively/differentially permeable membrane

Question 13

Aerobes

Answer 13

likes oxygen, use gaseous oxygen to metabolize and process enzyme to process toxic oxygen

Question 14

Anaerobes

Answer 14

lack metabolic enzyme for gaseous oxygen, will die in presence of toxic oxygen, does not like oxygen

Question 15

Microaerophiles

Answer 15

requires small amounts of oxygen in the metabolism

Question 16

Facultative Anaerobes

Answer 16

Does not require oxygen for metabolism but will use it if present,

Question 17

pH balance of most bacteria cytoplasm

Answer 17

7

Question 18

Osmophiles

Answer 18

live in habitats of high solute concentration

Question 19

Halophiles

Answer 19

Prefer high concentration of salt

Question 20

Facultative halophiles

Answer 20

resistant to salt

Question 21

Mannitol Salt agar

Answer 21

High salt concentration, kill most species but staphylococci will survive

Question 22

how can you tell the media is S. aureus?

Answer 22

it turns yellow

Question 23

Symbiosis

Answer 23

organisms live together in close partnership

Question 24

Mutualism

Answer 24

benefits both

Question 25

Commensalism

Answer 25

one benefits the other isnt harmed

Question 26

Parasitism

Answer 26

host damage

Question 27

Barophiles

Answer 27

deep sea microbes that live in extreme pressure

Question 28

Antagonism

Answer 28

relationships are not required for survival, inhibit/destroy others

Question 29

Synergism

Answer 29

cooperate and share nutrients

Question 30

Biofilms

Answer 30

mixed community of bacteria and other microbes attached to a surface and each other

Question 31

Binary fission

Answer 31

how bacteria is produced 1. parent cell enlarges 2. duplicates it chromosomes, and splits to different sides of the cell 3. protein band is formed in center of cell 4. septum formation begins 5. once septum is complete cells are considered divided, some will separate, some remain attached

Question 32

Generation time is?

Answer 32

time it take for bacteria to double

Question 33

Lag phase

Answer 33

microbe is getting used to its environment, few live cells, lots of nutrients

Question 34

Log phase (exponnential)

Answer 34

cells are doubling, many live cells, optimal environment for growth

Question 35

Stationary phase

Answer 35

replication and death rate evens out, nutrients are depleting

Question 36

Death phase

Answer 36

bacteria dies, nutrients are depleted, create endospores

Question 37

How do we count bacteria?

Answer 37

direct count- measured microscopically turbidity- observe cloudiness coulter counter- electronically scan fluid as it passes through a tiny pipette flow cytometer- measure cell size and differentiate between dead/live cells

Question 38

Enzyme

Answer 38

catalysts, increase rate of chemical reactions

Question 39

Metabolism

Answer 39

all chemical reactions and physical workings of the cell

Question 40

Anabolism

Answer 40

requires ATP, builds from smaller to larger

Question 41

Catabolism

Answer 41

Releases energy, breaks bonds from larger into smaller molecules

Question 42

Competitive Inhibition

Answer 42

inhibits enzyme activation by "mimic" substrate preventing binding

Question 43

Noncompetitive inhibitation

Answer 43

product binds to regulatory site, alters active site

Question 44

Enzyme repression

Answer 44

not synthesized due to excess substrate binding to gene

Question 45

Enzyme induction

Answer 45

enzyme synthesize only when suitable substrate are present

Question 46

oxidation

Answer 46

loss of electron

Question 47

Reduction

Answer 47

gain of electrons