Ch.1 /Atlas A Gen. Orientation to Human Anatomy Flashcards
(219 cards)
1
Q
Ventral
A
toward the front
2
Q
Dorsal
A
toward the back
3
Q
Toward the front
A
Ventral
4
Q
Toward the back
A
Dorsal
5
Q
Toward the ventral side
A
Anterior
6
Q
Anterior
A
Toward the ventral side
7
Q
Toward the dorsal side
A
Posterior
8
Q
Posterior
A
Toward the dorsal side
9
Q
Cephalic
A
Toward the Head or superior end
10
Q
Toward the Head or superior end
A
Cehalic
11
Q
Rostral
A
Toward the forehead or nose
12
Q
Toward the forehead or nose
A
Rostral
13
Q
Caudal
A
Toward the tail or inferior end
14
Q
Toward the tail or inferior end
A
Caudal
15
Q
Superior
A
Above
16
Q
Above
A
Superior
17
Q
Inferior
A
Below
18
Q
Below
A
Inferior
19
Q
Medial
A
Toward the median plane
20
Q
Toward the median plane
A
Medial
21
Q
Lateral
A
Away from the median plane
22
Q
Away from the median plane
A
Lateral
23
Q
Proximal
A
Closer to the point of origin
24
Q
Closer to the point of origin
A
Proximal
25
Distal
Further from the point of origin
26
Further from the point of origin
Distal
27
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body
28
On the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
29
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body
30
On the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
31
Superficial
Closer to the surface
32
Closer to the surface
Superficial
33
Deep
Further away from the surface
34
Further away from the surface
Deep
35
#1
Right Upper Quadrant
36
#2
Left Upper Quadrant
37
#3
Right Lower Quadrant
38
#4
Left Lower Quadrant
39
#1
Hypochondriac Region
40
#2
Epigastric Region
41
#3
Hypochondriac Region
42
#4
Lumbar Region
43
#5
Umbilical Region
44
#6
Lumbar Region
45
#7
Inguinal Region
46
#8
Hypogastric Region
47
#9
Inguinal Region
48
Right Upper Quadrant
#1
49
Left Upper Quadrant
#2
50
Right Lower Quadrant
#3
51
Left Lower Quadrant
#4
52
Hypochondriac Region
#1
53
Epigastric Region
#2
54
Hypochondriac Region
#3
55
Lumbar Region
#4
56
Umbilical Region
#5
57
Lumbar Region
#6
58
Inguinal Region
#7
59
Hypogastric Region
#8
60
Inguinal Region
#9
61
#1
Frontal Plane
62
#2
Sagittal Plane
63
#3
Transverse Plane
64
Frontal Plane
#1
65
Sagittal Plane
#2
66
Transverse Plane
#3
67
Discribe The Anatomical Position
Forward facing
Feet Parallel
Palms Forward
68
Superopr and Inferior only apply to what part of the body?
The trunk
69
What is the difference between the midsagittal plane and the parasagittal plane?
The midsagittal plane is the only plane that equallly seperates the body. All other sagittal seperations are unequal and therefore are parasagittal
70
Retro means?
Behind
71
What plane seperates right to left?
Sagittal
72
What plane seperaters into Anterior and Posterior portions?
Frontal Plane
73
What plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
The transverse plane
74
Anatomy- the study of \_\_\_
Form
75
Physiology- The study of \_\_\_\_
Function
76
What is comparative physiology?
The study of how different soecies have solved problems of life.
e.g. water balance, resperation, reproduction
77
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
how do these two sciences compliment eachother
Anatomy is the structures of the body and psysiology is the function of said structures. Together they comeplete a whole picture of the body.
78
What are the eight levels of organization within the human body?
Smallest to largest
atom
molecule
organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
79
Define organism
a single complete individual
80
Define organ system
A group of organs with a unique collective function
81
Define organ
a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function.
82
Define tissue
a mass of similar calls and call products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific finction
83
What are the four primary classes of tissue?
Epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular
84
histology is the study of \_\_\_
Tissues
85
What are cells?
The smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life
86
Define organelles
Microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual finctions
87
Define molecule
a particle composed of two or more atoms
88
What is a macromolecule
the largest molecules such as protein, fats, and DNA
89
What is the concept of reductionism
The theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components
90
What is the complimentary theory to reductionism and what is its statement?
Holism-The theory that there are "emerfent properties" of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of its seperate parts
91
92
Why is it important to consider anatomical variation
Because although anatomy books are a great reference, only 70% of people match. Anatomy can vary from slight differences to major varience and this is create health problems
93
Having a normal arrangment of organs is called ?
Situs solitus
94
The abnrmality that causes reversed organ placment is called?
situs inversus
95
What is dextrocardia?
when the heart has inverse placement
96
What is situs perversus?
when a single organ occupies an abnormal position
97
What are the biological characteristics of life?
8
OCMRHDRE
Organization
cellular composition
Metabolism
responsiveness/movement
homeostasis
development
reporduction
evolution
98
Explain why organization is a characteristic of life.
Living thing exhibit a large level or organization that requires energy to upkeep
99
Explain why cellular composition is a characteristic of life.
All living matter is composed of one or more cells
100
Explain why metabolism is a characteristic of life.
Metabolism is the chemical process that takes molecules from the environment and changes them to from energy, provide structure and control their physiology
101
Define excertion
The seperation and elimination of waste from the cells and body
102
Explain why responsiveness and movement are characteristics of life.
Responsiveness is the ability of an organism to sense and react to stimuli. All living cells exhibit this characteristic
103
Explain why homeostasis is a characteristic of life.
Living organisms maintain internal stability even when external conditions change
104
Explain why development is a characteristc of life.
Most living organisms change form or function in some way via two major processes differentation and growth
105
Define differentiation
The transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task.
106
Define growth.
An increase in size
107
Explain why reproduction is a characteristic of life
All living organisms can create copies of themselves and pass on genes
108
Explain why evolution is a characteristic of life
All living species exhibit genetic changes generation to generation
109
Define homeostasis
the body's ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relativly stable internal conditions
110
The internal state of the body is best described as a \_\_\_\_\_
A dynamic equalibrium
111
What is a set point in the human body.
an average value for a given variable that conditions fluctuate around
e.g. 37 degrees C for body temp
112
What is the fundemental mechinism that keeps a variable close to its set point?
A negative feedback loop
113
What is a negative feedback loop?
a process in chic the body senses change and activates mechanisms thay negate or reverse it
114
Define vasodilation
the widening of blood vessels
115
define vasoconstriction
the narrowinf of the blood vessels
116
What are the three common components of a feedback loop?
The receptor, inregrating (control) center, and the effector
117
What is the role of the receptor in a feedback loop?
it is a structure that senses a change in the body
118
What is the integrating(control) center in a feedback loop?
a mechanism that processess information from the receptor and relates it to other information then makes a decision on the action it will take based on the information.
119
What is the effector in a feedback loop?
the cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action
120
What is a positive feedback loop?
a self amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction
121
122
matter and energy ten to flow down \_\_\_\_\_
gradients
123
What is a physiological gradient?
a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, tempuature or other variable between one point and another
124
if enery or matter flow from the point where the varieable is higher to the point where it is lower we say it flows\_\_\_
down the gradient
125
What does it mean to flow up the gradient?
when energy or matter moves from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
126
What is the clinical criteria to declair someone as clinically dead
The show no brainwaves, no reflexes, respiration or heartbeat for 24 hours
127
Chemicals flow down\_\_\_\_gradients
concentration
128
Charged particles flow down ___ gradients
electrical
129
ions flow down ____ gradients
electrochemical
130
Heat flows down ____ Gradients
thermal
131
How can a person be clinically dead but biologically alive?
Clinical death is when the body is unable to stay alive independent from life support. although the patient's tissues are still aive and functioning.
132
Why is positive feedback more likely to disrupt homeostais than negative feedback
Because positive feedback loops amplify themselves and can get out of control
133
Structure that can be observed with the naked eye is called?
Gross anatomy
134
The word prefix homeo means
same
135
The simplest structures considered to be alive are called?
Cells
136
an informed incertain but testable conjecture is a?
hypothesis
137
A self-amplifying chain of psysiological events is called ?
positive feedback
138
\_\_\_\_\_means studying human anatomy by touch
palpation
139
the prefix hetero- means?
different
140
Cutting and separating tissues to reveal structural relationships is called?
disecction
141
Physiological effects of a persons mental state are called\_\_\_\_\_
psycosomatic
142
What is the included in the axial region of the body
Head, Neck(cervical region) and trunk
143
How is the trunk of the body divided?
The trunk is divided into the thoracic and abdominal regions
144
What is included in the appendicular region of the body
The upper and lower limbs also called appendages or extremities
145
the arm is the \_\_\_region
brachial
146
the forearm is the \_\_\_\_region?
antebrachial
147
What are the digits?
Fingers and toes
148
The thigh is the \_\_\_\_region
femoral region
149
the hands are the \_\_\_\_region
manual
150
The leg is the \_\_\_region
crual (COO-rul)
151
the ankle is the \_\_\_region
tarsal
152
The wrist is the \_\_\_region
carpal
153
the foot is the \_\_\_region
Pedal
154
what is a segment of a limb
the region between on joint and the next
155
internal organs are also called \_\_
Viscera
156
The layer of membrane that covers the surface of an organ is called the\_\_\_?
Visceral layer
157
The outer layer of a membrane covering an organ is called the
parietal layer
158
what is the space that forms the trunk during embryonic development?
coelom
159
What is the muscular sheet that partitions the thoracic cavity and the abdominalpelvic cavity
Diaphragm
160
What is a serous membrane?
membranes that line body cavities and organs.
They secrete a lubricating film of moisture similar to blood serum
161
The region between the lungs extending from the base of the neck to the diaphram is called the \_\_\_\_
mediastinum
162
What occupies the mediastinum?
the heart and its connecting major blood vessels, the esophagus, the trachea and bronchi, and the thymus
163
What is the two-layered membrane that covers the heart?
the pericardium
164
What is the associated viscera of the cranial cavity?
The brain
165
What is the associated viscera of the vertebral cavity?
spinal cord
166
What is the associated viscera of the pleural cavities?
the lungs
167
What is the associated viscera of the pericardial cavity?
the heart
168
What is the associated viscera of the abdominal cavity?
digestive organs, spleen, kidneys
169
What is the associated viscera of the pelvic cavity?
bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
170
What is the membranous lining of the cranial cavity?
meninges
171
What is the membranous lining of the vertebral canal?
meninges
172
What is the membranous lining of the pleural cavities?
pleurae
173
What is the membranous lining of the pericardial cavity
pericardium
174
What is the membranous lining of the abdominal cavity?
peritoneum
175
What is the membranous lining of the pelvic cavity?
peritoneum
176
The inner layer of the pericardium that forms the surface of the heart itself is called the?
visceral pericardium
177
the outter layer of the pericardium is called?
the parietal pericardium
| (pericardial sac)
178
What is that space the seperates the visceral and the parietal layers of the pericardium?
the pericardial cavity
179
What is the fluid that lubricates the pericardial cavity
pericardial fluid
180
The outter surface of the lung is called the \_\_\_?
Visceral pleura
181
What membraine covers the inside of the ribcage
parietal pleura
182
What is the space between the visceral and parietal pleura.
What lubricates
pleura cavity
pleurals fluds
183
What are the three systems that support, protect and enable movement?
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
184
What are the two body systems of communication and control?
nervous system and endocrine
185
What are the two body systems of fluid transport
Circulatory and lymphatic
186
What are the three body systems of intake and output?
respiratory
urinary
digestive
187
What are the two systems of reproduction?
Male and female reproduction systems
188
189
What is the Acromial region?
The Shoulder
190
What is the Axillary region?
the armpit
191
What is the brachial region?
the arm
192
What is the cubital region?
the elbow
193
What is th antebrachial region?
the forearm
194
What is the carpal region?
the wrist
195
What is the palmer region?
the palm
196
What is the cephalic region?
the head
197
What is the facial region?
the face
198
What is the cervical region?
the neck
199
What is the thoracic region?
the chest
200
What is the sternal region?
the sternum
\*middle of the chest\*
201
What is the umbilical region?
the belly button
202
What is the inguinal region?
the groin
203
what is the femoral region?
the thigh
204
what is the crual region?
the leg
205
What is the tarsal region
the ankle
206
what is the pedal region?
the foot
207
What is the dorsum?
the superior surface of the foot
208
What is the plantar surface?
the sole of the foot
209
what is the cranial region?
the back of the head
210
what is the nuchal region?
back of neck
211
What is the interscapular region?
middle of upper back
212
what is the scapular region?
the shoulder blade
213
what is the vertebral region?
middle of center of back
214
what is the lumbar region?
love handle
215
What is the sacral region?
middle of lower back above buttcrack
216
What is the gluteal region?
the buttock
217
What is popliteal region?
back of the knee
218
What is the calcaneal region?
the heel
219
