Exam One- Gen/Hist/Integ/Bone Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
Describe Nervous tissue
A
Branching cells called axons and support glial cells
2
Q
What is inflammation?
A
The collection of fluids in damaged tissues.
3
Q
The main function of Areolar Loose CT
CBP
A
Cushioning, Binding and Packing
4
Q
What is the basic function of a white blood cell?
A
immune function
5
Q
What is the function of Strat. Squam. ET
A
Protection from friction/abrasion
6
Q
What is the function of Dense Irregular CT?
A
Offers support and strength in areas move in multiple directions.
7
Q
What is the matrix within Blood CT?
A
Blood Plasma
8
Q
Describe reticular fibers and how they present in CT
A
Small, delicate collagen fibers that branch out and form networks. Create jungle-gym structures within some glands and organs to allow ample occupation of cells
9
Q
How does elastin present in CT?
A
As a branched network or sheets
10
Q
Describe bone tissue
A
Tree rings
11
Q
What cells are located in the stratum basale?
Their orientation?
A
A single cell row of young kertinocytes
and the basement membrane
melanocytes to protect the reproducing cells
12
Q
Name two locations where you could find Sim. Colum ET
A
(non-ciliated) lining of the GI tract
Gallbladder, ducts of some glands
(ciliated)Lining of the bronchi
lining of the uterine tubes
13
Q
What type of cell produces cartilage matrix?
A
Chondrocytes
14
Q
What is the function of Hyaline cartilage?
A
Support and reinforcement.
Cushion of joints
Allows resistance from compression
15
Q
What are the three types of Cartilage?
A
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic
16
Q
What is Cartilage?
A
A dense network of collagen and elastic fibers.
17
Q
A cell ending in -cyte is a
A
mature cell
18
Q
What type of junctions do Keratinocytes use?
A
desmosomes
Cells linked by filaments
19
Q
What are Keratohyaline granules?
A
keratin released from the cells
20
Q
What is the function of Adipose Loose CT?
A
Insulation, energy reserve, shock absorbtion
21
Q
What are the two main layers of the Skin?
A
Epidermis
Dermis
22
Q
A cell ending with -blast is a
A
Young, bud/germs
23
Q
Where is connective tissue located?
examples of CT?
Basic functions?
Is it alive?
A
All over the body
Blood
Protection, binding of organs, transport of nutrition.
Some of it is but mostly it is matrix
24
Q
Where can strat colum. Et be found?
A
pharynx, male urethra, transition areas between two types of et
25
The study of tissues is also know as_____
Histology
26
What fiber types are withing the matrix of Areolar Loose CT
Collagen
| Elastin
27
Where is Skeletal muscle CT found?
attached to bones and occasionally skin
28
Dendritic cells are also known as?
Langerhans cells
29
What is the ground substance of CT?
The majority of CT. This forms an acellular mass that makes up the matrix of CT when combined with fibers
30
What is the general function of Cartilage?
forms a supporting framework of some organs, articulating surfaces of joints, and forms most of the fetal skeletons
31
ET does not have a direct blood supply this is called _____
Avascular
32
What properties does collagen give to fiber.
Offers strength. Resists pulling forces but is still flexible
Just like a rope
33
What layer of the epidermis is only present in thick skin on the heels and palms?
The stratum Lucidum
| *Lucid-Above*
34
What are some functions of CT?
Support-bones
Defense-blood/muscle/bones/cartilage
Movement-muscle/cartilage
35
Where can Strat CUBE ET be found?
Some sweat glads and in mammary glands
36
Reticular loose connective tissue form what structures?
Bone marrow
Stroma of lymphatic structures
spleen
liver
37
Areolar Loose CT holds a reservior of ____ and ___ equal to circulatory volume
Water and Salts
38
How is elastin different from collagen?
It is much smaller in diameter
| It is very elastic. It can stretch 150% and recoil
39
Where are melanocytes found?
| What layer?
The basale layer of the epidermis
40
What is the basic composition of bone CT?
Cells in a calcified matrix
41
Describe fibrocartilage.
thinner strips of collagen that is similar to hyaline but thinner and stacked
42
Epithelial tissue is polar. What does this mean?
ET has defined upper and lower portions
| The Apical free side and the Basal surfaces
43
What is the stratum basale attached to?
the dermis.
44
What is the basic function of a red blood cell?
Oxygen transport
45
Collagen is cushiony. How does it become cushiony?
it attracts and absorbs water
46
What are merkel cells?
Touch receptors. that send information to nerve cells
47
What is the function of Bone CT?
Support, protection, movement, Mineral and fat storage, site of hematopoiesis
48
Apart from support, what is another function of reticular fiber? happens in the spleen and lymph nodes
Filtration of blood via presence of macrophages
49
What are the three stages of tissue repair?
| CMM
Clotting of blood
Multiplication of Epi cells-over granulation tissue
Restored cells mature and contracts
50
How many layers in the stratum spinosum?
What are the layers composed of?
what occurs at this level?
8-10 layers of Kertinocytes
| At this level they are forming pre-keratin filaments and filling with lipids
51
Where can trans. ET be found?
the bladder
52
What are the three major types of ET Membranes? Where can they be found? (MSC)
Mucous-Lining the nasal cavity/esophag/bronchi
Serous-The outter surface/lining of visera
Cutaneous- Forms the skin
53
What are the three layers of the gastrula
Ectoderm
Mesenchyme
Endoderm
54
How is the ET attached to surfaces?
ET connects to CT via a basement membrane
55
What is a epidermal dendritic cell?
Describe.
Its function?
Immune cells produced in bone marrow
Epidermal phagocytic macrophages
star-shaped
They wander the epidermis and eat dead cells, activate immune system, eat invading microbes
56
What is the strongest type of cartilage CT found in the body? its function?
Fibrocartilage
| Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compression forces.
57
What is the dominant CT fiber type?
Collagen
58
Describe the stratum lucidum
A thin transparent band. Rows of flat, dead keratinocytes
59
What is granulation tissue?
A network of Fibers and restored blood vessels.
60
What is the basic function of nervous connective tissue?
Send and receive electrical communications
61
Describe Skeletal muscle.
Multi-nucleated, long and cylindrical cells, striated
62
What is the general function of ET?
To protect, Diffuse, Secrete, Absorb
63
What are the CT 4 tissue types.
Ct proper
Blood
Nervous
Bone
64
The most abundant tissue type in the body is?
Connective
65
_____tissue covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, cavities, and ducts. Forms glands
Epithelial Tissue
66
What substance other than water makes up the cartilage matrix?
Con S
Chrondroitin Sulfate
67
What is the epidermis? how many layers thick is it?
The outer layer of your cutaneous membrane.
| Can be 4-5 layers thick depending on location.
68
Main location of Areolar loose CT
Under the skin.
69
What makes the Stratum Corneum waterproof
Interlocking dehydrated dead keratinocytes with intercellular lipids.
70
What are the functional attributes of Dense elastic CT?
Allows maximum stretch and recoil
71
What is the function of transitional ET
Specialized to allow for distention
72
What are the classifications of ET?
Simple/Strat/ Psuedo/ trans
73
What are the three types of CT cell types?
Ground substance
Fibers
Cells
74
The stratum Corneum accounts for _ % of the thickness of the epidermis. this equates to around _ layers
75%
| 25-30 layers
75
What is the world average Body Fat Average?
18%
76
Describe Elastic cartilage CT
Predominant Elastic fibers "creepy ghosts"
77
_____tissue is sensitive to and responsive to changed in homeostasis by generating nerve impulses
Nervous tissue
78
What are the two layers of the ET basement membrane? Their functions?
the basal lamina (glue) and the recticular Lamina (binding fibers)
79
Describe Cardiac muscle CT
Branched, striated, with intercalated disks
80
Where are Melanin granules and Langerhans cells most abundant?
The stratum Spinosum
81
What are the three types of CT in Loose CT?
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
82
What is the function of simp colum ET
Absorption, Mucus/enzyme secretion, If ciliated it functions to propel mucus by ciliary action
83
What is the function of elastic cartilage?
Allows flexibility while maintaining shape
84
What is Dense Irregular CT
Irregularly arranged bundles of collagen and possibility some elastin and recticular fibers often found in sheets
85
Where is elastin more abundant?
| SBL
Skin
Blood Vessels
Lungs
Anythign that stretches
86
What are the four categories of CT?
CT Proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
87
What body parts does Dense regular CT form?
Tendons/Ligaments
88
What is the function of Pseudo. strat colum ET
secretion of mucus, propulsion of mucus via cilia
89
What are the primary functions of the epidermis
water proof Protection from invaders and toxins.
| Protection from abrasion and friction.
90
What is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body?
Hyaline
91
Damaged tissue repairs itself by replicating cells via _____
mitosis
92
What are the three types of fibers in CT?
Collagen, recticular, elastin
93
What level of the epidermis do cells being to deteriorate? what is the process called? are these cells still alive?
The stratum Granulosum
apoptosis is what occurs
Yes
94
What is dense regular/fibrous dense CT?
A composition of think, tight, parallel arrays of collagen fibers. or elastic fibers (if suspension ligaments)
95
What are Lamellated granules?
Waterproofing glycolipid released from the cells
96
The two types of bone tissue are?
Compact and spongy
97
What is the function of Dense regular CT?
Attachment of muscles to bones (tendons)
| Attachment of bones to bones (ligaments)
98
Form = ___
function
99
Where can hyaline cartilage be found?
At the articular surface of bones
C rings of the trachea
costal and nasal regions
100
Describe Smooth muscle CT
Spindle shaped cells. Central Nucleus, not striated, forms sheets
101
Where does mitosis occur in the epidermis? What happens in it is damaged?
In the stratum Basale.
| If it is damaged, the skin can not regenerate
102
What is the function of smooth Muscle CT?
Involuntary muscle movements
103
Name two locations where you could find Pseu. Strat. colum ET
Trachea
upper respiratory tract
(non-ciliated)- male sperm carrying ducts
104
What is apoptosis?
Deterioration of nuclei due to loss of nutrients.
105
Describe a merkel cell.
Spiky ball in a cup
106
What occurs after Keratinocyte cells die?
They harden and release lipids and keratin.
107
Where can Dense Elastic Ct be found? Why those locations specifically
Walls of arteries
lung tissue
because they need to hold and withstand large amounts of pressure
108
What is the benefit of the keratinocytes releasing lipids and keratin granules?
The cells harden and form an envelop of protein with with lipid layers between cells. This forms a waterproof layer.
109
What are melanocytes?
| Their functions?
Cells that produce the pigment melanin.
Melanin is absorbed by nearby keratinocytes
They protect reproducing cells from harmful radiation that could disrupt genetic replication.
110
Name two locations where you could find Sim. Squ. ET
Lining the inside of blood vessels
The alveoli of the lungs
Lining of lymphatic vessels
111
What are Keratinocytes? *strat Squam*
The primary cells of the epidermis.
| Form the outer layers
112
What level of the epidermis is waterproof?
The stratum corneum
113
What is nervous CT found in the body?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
114
Describe Elastic Dense CT
Sheets of Elastin fibers in line. Allows extra stretch
115
_____tissue protects and supports the body/organs, binds organs together, stores energy as fat
Connective
116
What are the four types of tissue in the body?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, nervous
117
What are the Layers of the epidermis?
| Baby Skin Gets Loving Care
```
Stratum Basale 1 Deepest
Stratum Spinosum 2
Stratum Granulosm 3
Stratum Lucidum 5 *only in thick skin* most superficial
Stratum Corneum 4 Most superficial
```
118
What type of protein surrounds recticular
Glycoprotein
119
What is the stratum Basale?
The bottom most layer of the epidermis
120
What is the function of Skeletal muscle CT?
Voluntary movements
121
The three classifications of glandular ET?
| SUP
Site of release (endo/exo)
Uni/multi-cellular
Presence/absence of duct
122
What is the common tissue origin of all CT?
the stem cell know as Mesenchyme
123
When an embryo is cup shaped with three layers of cells this is called the?
(True Gas Bubble)
The gastrula
124
Define Differentiation in regards to cells.
When a cell has no particular function and is then directed to function in a specific why
example-Mesenchyme spreads throughout the body and differentiates into all the different types of CT
125
What are the three main components of Adipose Loose Connective Tissue?
ARB
Adipocytes-Lipid storage
Reticular fibers
Blood supplies
126
Name two locations where you could find Strat squam et
If keratinized then it forms the epidermis as a dry membrane
If non keratinized then it forms the linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina/anal canal
127
Where are the two main locations of Elastic cartilage?
the ears and the epiglottis
128
What is blood plasma?
Watery substance with dissolved nutrients, waste, enzymes, protein, gasses, ions etc...
129
What is the main function of Recticular loose CT?
supports other cell types
130
Does the epidermis have nerve cells?
no it has merkel cells.
131
What are the three types of protection offered by the stratum corneum
Waterproofing
Protection from penetration/abrasion
Biological, physical,chemical barrier
132
What do keratinocytes produce?
| Its function?
Keratin
| Hardens dead cells
133
What is the main function of Simple Squa. ET?
Filtration, diffusion, secretion of lubricating substances in serosae
134
ET doesnt have direct blood supply, does it have nervous connection?
yes
135
Where is Adipose tissue found in the body?
```
Hypodermis
Around the kidneys
the eyes
Around the abdomen
The breasts
```
136
What are three types of fibers in CT
Collagen, Elastin, Recticular
137
_____tissue generates force to allow body movement
Muscle tissue
138
Name two locations where you could find Sim. Cube ET
Kidney tubules
Ducts and secretory portions of small glands
Ovary surface
139
What is the dermis
A strong flexible CT comprised of collagen and elastic fibers.
140
Where can Dense Irregular CT be found?
The dermis of the skin
the submucosa of the GI tract
Fibrous capsules of joints
141
```
What are the 6 types of cells in CT
Fuck
My
Life
Polly's
magnificent
Apples
```
```
Fibroblasts
Mast cells
Leukocytes
Plasma
Macrophages
Adipocytes
```
142
What is the function of Cardiac Muscle CT?
Forms the involuntary muscles of the heart. Controls heartbeat
143
Describe Hyaline cartilage
Appears as a Bluish white gel with small cell "capsules"
| Like seeds in jell-o
144
Cartilage has no innervation and is also _____
Avascular
145
What is the function of Sim Cube ET
Secretion and absorbtion
146
How often does your epidermis renew?
every 25-45 days
147
What types of junctions can epithelial tissue use?
Tight junctions and desmosomes
148
What are the two layers of the dermis?
| PR
Papillary and reticular
