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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Cumulative Final > Flashcards

Cumulative Final Flashcards

(138 cards)

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1
Q

What is included in the CNS?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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2
Q

Where is gray matter in the brain?

A

it forms the cortex-the outside of the brain

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3
Q

Where is white matter in the brain?

A

in the medulla -inside the brain deep to the cortex

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4
Q

What are the ventricles of the brain?

A

the hollow portions of the brain filled with CSF

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5
Q

The cortex of the spinal cord is composed of ____ matter

A

white

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6
Q

in central cavity of the spinal cord is surrounded by ___ matter

A

grey

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7
Q

what cells are responsible for producing CSF?

A

ependymal cells

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8
Q

What is the function of the chorid plexis

A

activitly pumps sodium cations into the ventricles from the blood.

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9
Q

CSF is similar to blood minus the _____

A

proteins

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10
Q

The largest section of the brain is called the _____

A

cerebrum

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11
Q

What are the three regions of the cerebrum?

A

the cortex, medulla, and the basal nuclei

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12
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrum?

A

Perceives sensations, initates movment, memory, thought, reason, and emotion

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13
Q

What are gyri in the brain?

A

curves

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14
Q

what are sulci in the brain?

A

grooves

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15
Q

the two hemispheres of the cerebrum are connected by the?

A

corpus callosum

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16
Q

What are the associated traits of the right hemisphere of the cerebrum?

A

artistic

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17
Q

What are the associated traits of the left hemisphere of the cerebrum?

A

reasoning, logic

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18
Q

what are the five main lobes of the cerebrum?

FPTOI

A 
Frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula
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19
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

voulntary movement
analyze sensory info
personality

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20
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobes?

A

sensory responce
speech reconition
emotion expression

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21
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobes?

A

auditory sensations, visual and auditory memory

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22
Q

what are the functions of the Occipital lobes?

A

Visual sensations and integration

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23
Q

What are the functions of the insula lobe?

A

possibly memory

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24
Q

What are the two cerebral layers?

A

the cortex and the medulla

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25
What are the three types of functional areas in the cortex?
Motor Sensory association
26
What are the four main motor areas in the cortex? | PPBF
Primary (somatic) motor cortex premotor cortex Broca's area Frontal eye field
27
What is the function of association areas?
they integrate diverse information
28
What is the function of sensory areas?
they all conscious awareness of sensation
29
In what lobe of the brain can the primary and pre motor cortex be found?
the peritial lobe
30
What is the function of the primary motor cortex?
Conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary moments
31
What is the function of the pre-motor cortex?
it controls learned repetitious, patterned motor skills Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions *staging area for skilled motor activities *Plug phone in behind desk*
32
Where is the broca's area located?
on only one hemisphere *usu. left* on the front portion of the temporal lobe
33
What is the function of the brocas area?
It is the Motor speech area. It directs the muscles of the tongue
34
When is the brocas area active?
when one is about to speak
35
What portion of the brain allows voluntary eye movement?
the frontal eye field
36
What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?
Receives information of the skin and skeleton allows for spatial discrimination it is contralateral-left associated with right vice versa
37
What is the function of the Somatosensory association cortex?
It integrates sensory information forms comprehensive understanding of stimulus determines size, texture, relationship *horse vs Dog
38
What are the functions of the visual sensory areas?
THey receive and interpret information from retinas Primary visual cortex-largest sensory area Visual association area-interprets color, form, moment
39
What are the three major auditory areas?
Primary auditory cortex Auditory asssociation area wernickes area
40
What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?
allows you to interprets pitch, location, and loudness
41
What is the function of the auditory association area?
Stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sounds
42
What is the function of wernickes area?
allows us to understand written and spoken language
43
What is the function of the vestibular cortex? | Located in the?
Balance/head position | insula
44
What is the function of the olfactory cortex? | location?
Smell | medial temporal lobes
45
What is the gustatory cortex? | location?
Taste | insula
46
What is the function of the visceral cortex?
stretch receptors full stomach/bladder cramping
47
What is the function of the anterior/prefrontal cortex?
Intellect, cognition, recall, personality
48
What is the function of the posterior association area?
Patterns and faces | self and spatial relationships
49
What is the function of the limbic area?
Emotion impacts of information *RED PEN*
50
What are the three was that the brain communicates within itself?
Comissures Association fibers Projection fibers
51
What are commissures?
Connection of areas of grey matter from seperate hemispheres
52
What is an example of a commissure?
The corpus Callosum
53
What are association fibers?
fibers that connect different parts of the same hemispheres
54
What are projection fibers?
fibers that connect from the hemispheres and the lower brain/spinal cord
55
What are the four major portions of the diencephalon?
the thalamus the hypothalamus the epithalamus Corpora quadrigemina
56
What are the functions of the thalamus?
It is the sensory relay center | responsible for autonomic responses to intense pain
57
What ventricle does the thalamus encompass?
the third ventricle
58
What are some of the functions of the hypothalamus?
Homeostatic control | Controls hormone producing glands
59
What are some functions of the epithalamus?
Contains the pineal gland-produces melatonin | contains the choroid plexus-secretes-CSF
60
What are the two portions of the corpora quadrigemina?
The superior colliculi and the inferior colliculi
61
What is the function of the Sup, Colliculi?
it is involved in reflexes movments of the head and body towards stimuli Startle responce
62
What is the function of the inferior colliculi?
It is an integral part of auditory pathways in the CNS passes imput into the Sup. Colliculi
63
What are the three regions of the brain stem?
The midbrain the pons the medulla oblongata
64
How many of the 12 cranial nerves connect to the brainstem?
10
65
What is the function of the midbrain?
It contains the Cerebral peduncles cerebral aquedect and various nuclei
66
What is the function of the pons?
It is composed of white matter tracts connects cerebellum and Mo, Sends motor impulses Assists medulla in breathing regulation associated with sleep and arousal
67
Wat is the function of the medulla oblongata?
Controls vital functions and reflex control
68
What are the white matter tracts of the cerebellum called?
the arbor vitae
69
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Coordinates balance, eye movments, controls posture, locomotion, fine motor skills
70
What are the two major types of sleep?
REM and Non-REM
71
How many stags of sleep are there?
4
72
The most restorative stage of sleep are the ___wave states
Slow
73
What are the three principles of memory?
Storage Processing Memory traces
74
Where does memory processing occur?
the hippocampus | Hippos go to university to learn and process memory
75
What are the three layers of the Brain meninges?
THe dura mater The Arachnoid mater the Pia mater
76
What is the blood-brain barrier?
The protective mechanism that maintains a stable environment for the brain
77
What are the three aspects of the epitheial tissue that form the blood-brain barrier? CTF
The continous endothelium of capillaries the thick basal lamina the feet of the brains astrocytes
78
The BBB is ineffective agains substances that can diffuse through what membrane?
Plasma membranes
79
Give two examples of substances that can pass the BBB
Hormones and Lipophilic substances *alcohol, other drugs*
80
Where is the BBB absent?
The hypothalamus
81
What can increase the ability of chemicals to pass the BBB?
Stress
82
The epidural space is the space between the _____ and the _____
vertebrae and the Dural sheath
83
What fills the Epidural space
Fat and veins
84
70% of our sensory receptors ar associatd with what special sense organ?
the eyes
85
What is the function of the eyebrows?
Magnify facial expression and protect the eyes from water
86
What is the function of the eyelids?
to moisten and protect the eyes
87
What is the conjunctiva?
it is a transparent mucus membrane that covers the eye and inner eyelid
88
What is the lacrimal apparatus?
It consists of the lacrimal gland and associated ducts.
89
Where does the lac app drain?
the nasal cavity
90
What is the function of the Lac. APP?
Cleanses and lubes the eye surface | delivers O2 to the conjunctiva
91
What are the three cavities of the eye? | APV
Anterior Chamber-cornea and iris Posterior Chamber-iris and lense Vitreous Chamber-Lense and retina(contains vitreous humor)
92
What are the three layers of the eye?
Fibrous, Vascular(choroid), Retina
93
What is aqueous Humor?
Watery liquid that fills the anterior cavity of the eye
94
What is Vitreous Humor?
Jelly like substance that fills the vitreous chamber
95
What provides the eye with intraocular pressure? What is the use of IOP?
Vitreous Humor | Maintains the shape of the eye
96
What is the function of the eye lens?
Refracts light into the eye
97
What is the eye lens made of?
Compressed cells called lens fibers | they are filled with crystallin protein
98
Where does tension in the lense come from?
Suspensory ligaments
99
When the ciliary body contracts the suspensory ligaments ___ causing the lens to become ___ This is used for ___ vision
relax thicker Close
100
When the ciliary body relaxes the suspensory ligaments ___ causing the lens to become ___ This is used for ____ vision?
Contract thinner distant
101
The fibrous tunic of the eye is composed of two layers called the _____ and _____
opaque Sclera | clear Cornea
102
What is the function of the Sclera?
Protects the eye and achors extrinsic muscles
103
What is the function of the cornia?
it allows light to enter the eye | begins to focus the light on the retina
104
What is the shape of the cornia?
convex to refract light
105
What are the three portions of the Vascular tunic?
The choroid region the ciliary body the iris
106
What are the two muscle shapes that control the pupil?
circular and radial
107
When the circular muscles of the iris contract the pupil ____
becomes constricted
108
When the radial muscles of the iris contract the pupil becomes_____?
Dilated
109
The internal tunic of the eye is also called the?
Retina
110
What are the three neurons involved with visual perception.
Ganglion cells bipolar neuron photoreceptors
111
What are the two types of photo-receptors found in the eye?
rods and cones
112
What are the rods of the eyes responsible for?
Grey-scale vision. | They respond to dim light and detect movment
113
What are the cones of the eye responsible for?
Color vision | Each cone synapses with a single ganglion cells
114
The area of the highest cone density is called the?
Macula Densa
115
What causes the blind spot in they eye?
where the optic nerve leaves the eye
116
What 4 transparent media does light pass through before reaching photoreceptors.
The cornea Aqueous humor Lens Vitreous humor
117
Where is the source of primary light refraction in the eye?
the cornea
118
What type of neurons are involved in olfaction
Bi-polar neurons
119
How many chemo receptors are on the tongue?
10,000
120
What are the three sections of the ear?
external, middle, internal
121
The visible part of the ear is called?
the auricle
122
The outer ear consists of ____ cartilage
elastic
123
What is the function of the Tympanic membrane
the ear drum Vibrates in response to sound passes the vibration to the ossicles
124
What is the middle ear?
an air filled chamber that contains the ossicles | connected to the nasopharynx
125
What features separate the middle ear from the inner ear?
the oval and round windows
126
What are the ossicles?
three small bones within the middle ear that carry vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the vestibule of the inner ear.
127
what is the function of the semi-circular canals
communicates moment along 3 axes
128
what is the function of hair cells?
take auditory stimulus and send to nervous system
129
Where is pitch perceived?
primary auditory cortex | cochlear nuclei
130
What causes tinnitus
Damage to hair cells cause them to continuously fire causing a high pitch ring
131
What are the two types of equilibrium?
Static and dynamic
132
What is static equilibrium?
Body position relative to gravity
133
What is dynamic equilibrium?
Body position in response to sudden movment
134
What are the semicircular ducts role in equilibrium?
Orient rotational movment
135
What are the saccule and utricles?
two liquid filled sacs within the vestibule.
136
What are the saccule and utricles role in equalibrium?
respond to linear acceleration
137
What is the macula?
a thick region in the walls of the saccule and itricle
138
What is the role of the macula?
it contains receptors for static and linear equilibrium | location of hair cells

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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