Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
How are joints classified?
A
by structure and function
2
Q
Functional classification of joints are defined as?
A
the degree of movement allowed
3
Q
Structure of joints are defined as ?
2 parts
A
Presence/absences of a synovial cavity
the type of CT binding bones together
4
Q
What are the three functional classifications of joints?
SAD
A
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
5
Q
What are the characteristics of a joint that is functionally classified as a synarthrosis?
A
They are immovable
6
Q
What are the characteristics of a joint that is functionally classified as a Amphiarthrosis? ec- What hormone causes them to become more movable in pregnant woman in late pregnancy?
A
They are slightly movable
relaxin
7
Q
What are the characteristics of a joint that is functionally classified as a Diarthrosis?
A
They are freely movable
Differ in size and shape to permit different movement types
8
Q
Classify the the function joint type based off of stability vs ROM
A
Syn- no ROM very stable
Amphi- Lass stable very little ROM
Di- Not very stable more ROM
9
Q
What are the three types of structural classifications of joints?
Fat Cats Sing
A
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
10
Q
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
SSG
A
Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses
11
Q
Where can suture joints be found?
A
On the skull
12
Q
What fibers fill suture joints?
A
Collagen
13
Q
Describe the bones in suture joints?
A
Bones are bound tightly together but they still allow for growth
14
Q
What is the functional classification of a suture joint?
A
Synarthrosis
15
Q
What is synostoses?
A
When the suture joints calcify completely and become bone.
16
Q
What is a syndesmoses joint?
A
They are types of ligaments that connect bones together for stability. found as a bundle or sheet covering articulating bones
17
Q
What is the function class. of syndesmoses joints?
A
amphiarthritic
they allow some movment
18
Q
Gomphoses joints are also called?
A
peg in socket jounts
19
Q
What is the only example of Gomphoses?
A
the periodontal ligament
20
Q
What are the two types of Cartilaginous joints?
A
Symphysis
Synchrondroses
21
Q
What is a Symphysis joint?
A
A cartilaginous joint where the ends of articulating bones are covered in hayline cart. but a broad dist of fibro cart connects the bones
22
Q
Where do all symphysis occur?
A
at the midline
23
Q
What is the functional classification of a synchondrosis ?
A
synarthritic
24
Q
What is a synchondrosis?
A
a cart. joint where hyaline cart is the CT
25
What is a synovial joint?
Freely moving diarthroses with synovial cavity that are connected by the CT of a articular capsule and ligaments
26
Give and example of a suture joint
The sutures of the skull
27
Give an example of a synarthritic joint
Suture joints
28
give an example of an ampiarthrosis
a syndesmoses
29
What type of joints are diarthroses?
synovial joints
30
Give an example of a syndesmoses?
radioulnar syndesmosis
| holds the radius and ulna together but allows for twisting
31
Give an example of a gomphoses?
periodontal ligaments
32
give an example of a symphysis?
pubis symphysis and vertebral disks
33
give an example of a synchondroses
costal cartilage and epiphyseal plates
34
Give an example of a synovial joint
Any movable joint
Shoulder
Ball and socket of the hip
etc
35
What is the Articular capsule?
A fibrous capsule surrounding synovial joints and synovial cavity.
36
What are the two layers of the articular capsule?
The outer fibrous capsule
| the inner synovial membrane
37
The outer fibrous cap is an extension of the bones_____
Periosteum
38
What does the inner synovial membrane produce?
synovial fluid
39
What is synovial fluid?
A very slick film produced by the synovial membrane comprised of hyaluronic acid and interstitial fluid
40
What component of synovial fluid acts as a barrier from infection?
the hyaluronic acid
41
What happens to synovial fluid after prolonged use?
it becomes less viscous
42
Synovial fluid moves in and out of articular cartilage in a way similar to a ______?
explain
sponge.
Pressure caused the fluid to rush out of the art. cart. and when the pressure is removed the fluid then flows back into the cart.
43
What other types of cartilage are found in joints? what form do they take?
Articular disks
| the form from fibrocartilage
44
Articulating disks are also called?
menisci
45
What is the function(s) of menisci?
Improving the fit of two articulating bones with diff shapes,
allow different movements at different portions of joints
46
Are bursa and tendon sheaths types of synovial joints?
no but they contain synovial fluid
47
Other than lubrication, what are the functions of synovial fluid?
the transport and removal of waste and nutrients to the articular cartilage and menisci.
48
What is a bursa
A flattened fibrous bag lined by a synovial membrane
49
Where do bursa occur?
where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones overlie each other and rub
50
What is a tendon sheath?
an elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon subjected to friction *crowded tendons*
51
What is osteoarthritis?
Degenerative joint disease
due to "wear and tear"
Deterioration of articular cartilage
often affects weight bearing joints
52
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
an autoimmune disease where the body attacks its own joints
53
What is Gouty Arthritis?
the build up of uric acid crystals in joints
| can cause joints to fuse
54
Planar joints articulate on ___planes?
flat
55
Condyloid joints allow movent ____ to ___ and _____ to ____ but do not rotate
back and forth side to side
56
The joint between C1 and C2 is a _____ joint
Pivot
57
What is a sprain?
When ligaments are torn or stretched
58
How do sprains heal?
If it is a tear than slowly over time
| if completely torn, they require surgical repair
59
A subluxation is a _____
a partial dislocation
60
What is bursitis?
Inflammation of the bursa
61
What happens to Ligaments and tendons over time?
the shorten and get weak
62
What two types of muscle cells are elongated?
Smooth and skeletal
63
What are muscle fibers?
another word for muscle cells
64
What are the two myofilaments found in muscle fibers?
Actin
| myosin
65
The prefixes myo, mys, sacro refer to?
muscle
66
What is the scarcolemma?
the muscle plasma membrane
67
what is the sarcoplasm?
the cytoplasm of a muscle cell
68
Where does skeletal muscle attach?
to the bones of the skeleton
69
IS skeletal muscle voluntary or non-voluntary?
voluntary
70
Skel. muscle contracts easily and it also _____ easily as well?
tires
71
What two aspacts of skel muscle make it adaptable?
it can vary forces
| and increase or decrease as needed
72
skeletal muscle makes up what % of body weight *generally*
80%
73
The wave like contractions of muscle that move things along is called?
peristalsis
74
What are the four functions characteristics of muscle?
| ECEE
Excitable
contractable
extensible
elastic
75
What does it mean for a muscle to be excitable?
It receives signals and responds to stimuli
76
What are the two typical types of signals that muscles receive?
Neurotransmitters
| pH change
77
What does it mean for a muscle to be contractable?
It can shorten forcible
78
What does it mean for a muscle to be extensible?
it stretches and/or extends
79
What does it mean for a muscle to be elastic?
it recoils to resume its original resting length
80
What are the five main functions of muscle?
| JSMPH
```
Movement
posture
joint stabilization
heat generation
Storage/movement of substances
```
81
How does muscle create movment
through integated skeletal muscle function
82
How does muscle provide posture?
the muscles continuously help maintain body positions
83
How do muscles generate heat?
forced contractions *shivers* produce heat *thermogenesis*
84
How do muscles store/move substances?
Sphincters regulate openings
cardiac muscles move blood
skeletal muscle moves lymph and venous blood
85
What cells fuse during development to form skeletal muscle fibers?
myoblasts
86
Why do muscle fibers have hundreds of myofiliments *striations*
because of the fusion of myoblasts into muscle fibers
87
When do muscle fibers stop undergoing mitosis?
after the fuse from myoblasts
88
when you build muscle what makes them bigger?
the enlargement of existing muscle fibers not the addition of them
89
What are the three layers of connective tissue in muscle? deep to superficial
EPE
Endomysium
perimysium
epimysium/fascia
90
What is the endomysium?
a fine sheath of CT that surrounds each muscle fiber (sarcomere)
91
what is the perimysium?
the fibrous CT surrounding groups of muscle fibers called fascicles
92
what is the epimysium/fascia?
the over coat of dense irregular CT that surrounds the entire muscle
93
What layer of CT in muscle extends to form tendons?
All layers
94
Where do tendons attach to bone?
periosteum
95
when muscle attaches to other muscle this is referred to as a _____ attachment?
direct
96
When CT extends as a broad, flat layer then the tendond is called a _____. this is a ____ attachment
aponurosis
| indirect
97
What direction do muscle fibers run in a fascicle?
| what does this arrangement provide?
parallel
| power and ROM
98
Power depends on the _____ area
cross sectional
99
ROM depends on _____
the length of fibers
100
Short muscles can be just a forceful as _____
long muscles
101
What three shapes can fascicles be?
straight, pennate, or orbicular
102
When skeletal muscle produces movement it is exerting force on ____. these pull bones/structures
tendons
103
The bone that muscle is attached to that doesn't move is called the ____
orgin
104
The action end of a muscle is called the _____
insertion
105
Most muscles are arranged in _____pairs
antagonistic
106
is a muscle cell the same as a sarcomere?
no
107
what are the two intracellular tubules that regulate muscle contraction?
the t-tubules (transverse)
| the sarcoplasmic reticulum
108
What are t-tubules?
deep indentations on the sarcolemma
109
What is the function of t-tubules?
the connect nervous impulses to the deepest regions of the cell
110
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
A modified smooth endoplasmic reticulum with interconnecting tubules that surrounds each myofibril
111
What is the function of the SR
it stores calcium ions when relaxed
112
What is the myofibril?
the long rods of proteins within the scaroplasm
| they contain the mitochondria
113
What caused the visible striations in muscle fibers?
the myofibril rows
114
What is the basic unit of contraction in a muscle fiber?
a sarcomere
115
What are the two repeating protein filaments in a sarcomere?
Myosin
| actin
116
What are the boundaries of the end of a sarcomere called?
the z line/disk
117
What protein filaments are attached to the z line/disk
actin
118
what are the three components of actin
the actin itself
tropomyosin
troponin
119
IN the triations of muscle fibers, the dark bands are ____
myosin
120
what is the function of tropomyosin?
to cover the binding sites on actin to prevent myosin from binding.
121
What is the function of troponin?
it is a protein with calcium binding sites that when activated, change the shape of tropomyosin exposing the binding sites and allowing myosin to bind to actin
122
Where do the calcium ions come from during contraction?
the sarcoplasmic rectitculum
123
what type of action allows for the full contraction of a sarcomere?
the pulling action of myosin heads on actin
124
what is required to release myosin from actin?
ATP
125
neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle to contract are called?
somatic motor neurons
126
what is the neuromuscular junction?
the structural point of contact and the functional site of communication between motor neurons and muscle.
127
What is the motor unit?
the somatic motor neuron plus all of the muscle fibers it stimulates (typically 1:150)
128
The strength of a contraction depends on how many _______ are activated at the same time
motor units
129
how can the firing of a single motor unit cause a weak contraction of the entire muscle?
because the neuron is woven into the entire muscle and will contract multiple fibers located through out the muscle
130
what neurotransmitter is released in the synapse of the NMJ
acetylcholine
| Ach
131
explain the depolarization in the synpse
Ach binds to receptors this opens channels
sodium/potassium pump
changes the charge of the inner sarcolemma
this charge spreads
132
Once the action potential is released in the sarcolemma how does it reach the inner muscles?
via the t-tubeles
133
What is the exact Calcium ion that binds to troponin
Ca2+
134
What is the motor unit?
A somatic motor neuron PLUS all of the fibers that it stimulates
135
What is the neurotransmitter released by the somatic motor neuron?
Acetylcholine
136
What enzyme prevents Acetylcholine from leaving the synapse?
Acetylcholinestrase
137
What are the 8 steps of contraction? Neuron to fiber
| ADPRSCTM
1. Ach is released from motor neuron
2. Depolarization occurs if threshold is reached.
- Na+ in K+ out
3. Propigation of Action potential travels across scarcolemma and into T-tube
4. AP reaches voltage sensor and signals SR
5. SR releases Ca2+
6. Ca2+ binds to troponin
7. Shape of tropomyosin changes and exposes binding sites
8. Myosin binds to actin and contracts muscle
138
At resting action potental, what is the charge inside and outside of the sarcomlemma?
outside is positive
| inside is negative
139
What are the 4 steps in the sequence of depolarization?
1. resting potental Na+ outside K+ inside
2. Depol. Na+ moves in potassium out and shifts innside charge of scarolemma, the flips the charges inside and out
3. Propagation. A ripple of the Na+ flipping *only occurs if treshold is met*
4. repolarization occurs and must occur befor contraction can occur again
140
What is an isometric contraction?
When the muscle develops tension but does not shorten
| posture
141
What is an isotonic contraction?
Muscles shortens and movment occurs
non-weight bearing
(raises arms)
142
What is a concentric isotonic contraction?
a contraction the occurs when muscles shorten and pull on another structure
(lifting a heavy object)
143
What is an eccentric isotonic contraction?
lengthing of a muscle during a contraction
| (putting down a heavy object
144
What is a graded muscle response?
Variations in the degree of muscle contraction strength and speed
145
Strength can be changed by varying the _____ of the stimulus
strength
146
Speed of contraction can be changed by varying the _____ of the stimulus
frequency
147
What is a twitch in terms of relative tension chart?
a single bump with a single stimuli
148
What is a wave summation in terms of relative tension chart?
one stimuli causes a bimp and a second soon after causes a bigger bump
149
What is an unfused (incomplete) tetanus in terms of relative tension chart?
a succession of spaced stimuli that increase in relative tesion
150
What is a fused tetanus?
rapid stimuli of an artificial means that causes sustaned tension
151
What is the threshold stimulus?
the first observable muscle contraction
152
Muscles contract more vigorously as stimulus _____ is increased
strength
153
What is muscle recruitment?
when more and more motor units are recruited in response to a stimuli
154
What is muscle tone?
constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles
| this keeps muscles firm healthy and ready to respond
155
How do spinal reflexes account for muscle tone
| *2 ways*
No movement
| it staggers motor units
156
What is creatine phosphate?
it is a quick energy supply that is consumed after free atp in used up
157
What happens to theexcess ATP created by muscles while they are at rest?
the become creatine Phosphate
158
How soon after activity is free ATP used up?
about 6 seconds
159
How soon after activity is ATP created from Creatine Phosphate
10 seconds
160
What happens after your body uses up its Creatine phosphate stores?
anerobic metabolism
161
What is muscle fatigue?
the physiological inability for a muscle to contract
162
When does muscle fatigue occur?
| 3 main reasons
when ATP production fails
when ATP runs out
When ionic imbalances are present.
(k+ trapped in t tubes)
163
What is psychological fatigue?
when the pain from lactic acid causes your brain to tell you to stop
164
What is Oxygen debt?
the extra amoubnt of OXY required for restorative processes after vigorous exercise
165
What does your body do to lactic acid when it accumulates?
it converts it into pyruvate
| via the liver converting it into glucose first
166
How are muscle fibers categorized?
based on the rate of ATP hydrolysis, methods of ATP production and rate of oxidation
167
How many types of muscle fibers are there?
2
168
Can a motor unit contol two seperate types of muscle fibers?
no
169
Can the ratio of the two types of muscle fiber be changed within the body?
yes, via endurance or strength training
170
Type one fibers are also called _____ Twitch
slow
171
What are the properties of slow twitch fibers?
```
smallest types
very resistant to fatigue
store tons of ATP
high levels of Myoglobin
*runner*
```
172
What is myoglobin?
similar to hemoglobin, store oxygen in muscles to be used for metabolism
173
What are the properties of fast twitch fibers?
```
faster to contract
anerobic
large fibers
strong
*body building*
```
174
What is delayed onset muscle soreness?
soreness as a result of micro-tears in the muscle fiber not lactic acid
it is an inflammatory reaction that causes swelling thar presses on nerve endings
175
how long after working our does DOMS occur?
peaks at 48 hours
176
What are anabolic setroids
suppliments similar to natural androgen that induce muscle growth
177
what are the side effects of anabolic steroids?
kidney damage, heart damage, agression, masculinazation of women
baldness in men
178
What are some benifits of aerobic exercise?
increased muscle capilaries
increased mitochondria density
increaded myoglobin
179
What are some benefits of anerobic exercise?
Muscle fiber hypertrophy
| increased myofilaments, connective tissue, and glycogen stores
180
Does sommth muscle have a scaromere?
no the myofilaments are attached to dense bodies in scarcoplasm
181
How is smooth muscle contraction regulated?
via hormones and autonomic nervous system
182
does smooth muscle use sliding filiments?
yes
183
How do smooth muscles contract?
they twist to contract
184
How do visceral smooth muscles connect to one another?
tight junctions
185
what are some ways to keep muscle healthy?
```
work out
posture
hydration
healthy diet
no steroids
```
186
what is sarcopenia?
the loss of muscle mass
187
What are the three basic functions of nervus tissue?
sensory
integration
motor
188
What is the sensory function of nervous tissue
Detects stimuli and converts them into nervous impulses and sends them to the brain
189
What is the integration function of nervous tissue
grey matter
| collects impulses and integrates them into responses
190
What is the motor function of nervous tissue?
it generates signals that travel to the brain
191
Can neurons have more than one function?
no, only one
192
What are the two main cell types in nervous tissue?
Neurons and Neuroglia
193
What are neurons?
the cells responsible for sending and receving impulses
194
what are neuroglia?
(nerve glue)
| they provide structural support, nourishment and protection
195
What are the three main parts of an electrically excitable neuron?
Dendrites
the cell body
and the axon
196
axons join the cell body at the _____
axon hillock
197
What are the two types of post synaptic potential?
EPSP- Excitatory postsynaptic potential
| IPSP-Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
198
What is a Excitatory postsynaptic potential
a graded potential that can initiate an AP in an axon
| Green lights
199
Action potential occurs when the Graded potential reaches the ___
Axon hillock
200
What is the function of the Inhibitory Post-synaptic potential
It inhibits the action potential
it can induce hyper polarization driving a neuron further from the threshold for AP
Stop light
201
What is a neural summation?
An order of neural impulses that lead to an AP
202
What are the two types of Summation?
Temporal and Spatial
203
What is spatial summation?
when the post synaptic neuron is stimulated by a large number of terminals at the same time
all the puppies
204
What is temporal summation?
presynaptic neurons transmit in rapid fire order and produce a AP
205
How are neural cells classified?
By function and shape
206
What are the three main neuron types and their functions?
```
Motor Neurons(efferent)-motor function away from brain
Sensory neurons(afferent)-sensory fnction to the brain
Inter-neurons(grey-matter) in between motor and sensory, they are the integrating
```
207
What is the reflex arc
| describe it
the nerve impulse pathway of a reflex
208
What are the three main neuron shapes and types of neurons that are examples of those shapes.
Multipolar- many dendrites and one axon(neurons in the brain and motor neurons)
Bipolar-one main dendrite and one axon (sensory neurons)
Pseudo-unipolar-axon and dendrite fuse into single process(sensory stretch receptors and internal organs)
209
What is summation?
The sum of all excitatory post synaptic potentials
210
What are astrocytes.
The most abundant, versatile, highly branched.
Support cells
Momma bird
Found in the CNA
211
What are microglia?
Phagocytic cells that monitor neurons
212
What are Ependymal cells
Squabmaus to columnar cells that line the central cavities of th brain and produce CSF
213
What are oligodendrocytes
Cells that wrap around CNS fibers and form myelin sheath
214
What are satellite cells
Support and surround cell bodies in the PNS
215
What is Myelination?
The coating of myelin sheath that occurs in most mammals
216
Electrical current in the body comes from the flow of?
ions
217
Passive ion channels are _____ open
always
218
What are the two types of potential signals that occur in neurons?
Graded potential
| action potential
219
What are the events that cause an action potential?
Depolorization
repolarization
hyperpolarization
220
What is depolarization?
When Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes into the cell
221
What is re-polarization?
When K+ channels open via electro gated channels and allow K+ to flow out of the cell.
222
What is hyperpolarization?
When the inside of the cell becomes more negative than the resting potential because the K+ channels are slow to close
223
How does the resting potential return to equilibrium?
via sodium potassium pumps working to return the charges back to normal
224
What is the average charge of resting membrane potential
-40 to -90 mv
225
What is the average charge of the threshold level of depolarization?
-55 to 50mV
226
What occurs during depolarization?
```
Na+ permeability increases
Na+ enters cell
membrane potential reverses
Na+ gates open K+ gates are closed
Threshold is reached
```
227
What occurs during repolarization?
Na+ gates close
Voltage sensitive K+ gates open
K+ exits the cell and negative charge in cell is returned
228
What occurs during hyperpolarization?
K+ gates remain open causing an excess of K+ leaving the cell
Causes the neuron to become insensitive for a period
Na+ channels reset
Na+, K+ pump resets the system
229
What are the two refractory periods?
Absolute and Relative
230
During which refractory period can the membrane depolarize?
Relative
231
When does the Absolute refractory period occur/end?
While AP is being generated and during depolarization
| ends during mid-repolarization
232
What is saltatory conduction?
When AP jumps from node to node in a myelinated axon
233
What types of neurons use saltatory conduction?
PNS
234
What is the difference between gray and white matter?
White matter consists of myelinated neurons
