Ch.1 Chemistry and Misc.

Question 1

Electrons

Answer 1

surround the nucleus and are in orbitals or shells. First shell holds 2, then 2nd and third can have up to 8

Question 2

valence electrons

Answer 2

The outermost electrons

Question 3

octet rule

Answer 3

The process of losing or gaining of valence electrons through chemical reactions to achieve 8 valence electrons

Question 4

Atomic Number

Answer 4

Number of protons an atom has, and typically electrons

Question 5

Atomic mass

Answer 5

sum of the number of protons and neutrons

Question 6

isotope form atom

Answer 6

an atom that has different number of neutrons, but because it has the same number of protons it has the same atomic number

Question 7

Molecule

Answer 7

Two or more atoms that are sharing electrons

Question 8

Compound

Answer 8

Molecule made of different atoms

Question 9

free radical

Answer 9

An unpaired valence electron in an atom, molecule, or compound

Question 10

Chemical bond

Answer 10

Made through the interactions of valence electrons

Question 11

Ionic bonds

Answer 11

When atoms lose or gain electrons they acquire a charge. These charged particles are called ions. And when they attracted a negatively charged ion they make a ionic bond

Question 12

Covalent bonds

Answer 12

Formed when atoms bond to follow the octet rule

Question 13

non polar covalent bonds

Answer 13

When electrons are shared equally there is no net charge on the atoms

Question 14

polar covalent bonds

Answer 14

When electrons are shared unequally they may be a partial charge

Question 15

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 15

bond where a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge bonds with another another atom with a partial negative charge (typically oxygen or nitrogen)

Question 16

Organic compounds and the 4 biomolecules

Answer 16

They usually form long chains or carbon atoms. Our body has four important organic compound known as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

Question 17

Carbohydrates

Answer 17

constitute 2-3% of body mass and provide energy in the form of ATP

Question 18

Disorder

Answer 18

any abnormality of structure or function

Question 19

Disease

Answer 19

illness characterized by a set of symptoms where body functions/struces are altered

Question 20

Symptom

Answer 20

Subjective change in body function that can’t be seen by an observer (headache , anxiety)

Question 21

Sign

Answer 21

objective change in body function that can be seen by an observer. If its anatomical it’s a lesion (tissue damage caused by pathogens/disease) like a tumor or wart. If it’s physiological it can be fever, hypertension,

Question 22

Systemic disease

Answer 22

affects entire body or multiple parts of it

Question 23

Local disease

Answer 23

affects one part or region of the body

Question 24

Epidemiology

Answer 24

study of diseases and how they’re transmitted

Question 25

Pharmacology

Answer 25

science of using drugs to treat disease

Question 26

Diagnosis

Answer 26

distinguishing a disease or disorder from another. Doctors use chief complaint, history of present illness, past medical problems, family medical problems, laboratory tests, symptom and sign review, physical examination

Question 27

Cations

Answer 27

Positive ions formed by losing electrons

Question 28

Anions

Answer 28

Negative ions formed by electron gain

Question 29

pH

Answer 29

expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale on which 7 is neutral, lower values are more acid and higher values more alkaline

Question 30

Acid

Answer 30

pH lower than 7. It gives protons and accepts electrons. Tastes sour.

Question 31

Base

Answer 31

pH higher than 7. it accepts protons and donates electrons. Tastes bitter.

Question 32

buffer

Answer 32

a weak acid and its conjugate base solution whose pH changes very slightly when an acid or base is added to it.