Ch1. Language and Literacy Development

Question 1

What is language acquisition?

Answer 1

How humans learn a language

Question 2

What is the Replacement Theory?

Answer 2

Argues that children can listen for patterns in their language acquisition

Question 3

What is Broca’s Area?

Answer 3

Handles speech creation and production

Question 4

What is Wernicke’s area?

Answer 4

Handles understanding and comprehension of language

Question 5

Define linguistics

Answer 5

the scientific study of human language. Plays a large role in developmental psychology

Question 6

What is the Nativist approach and who developed it?

Answer 6

Chomsky, approaches language as biological and instinctive to a newborn

Question 7

What is the Language Acquisition as defined by Chomsky?

Answer 7

Chomsky called this a language organ. It allows children to produce consistent sentences once vocabulary is learned. His claim is based on the view that what children hear through interaction with others is insufficient to explain how they learn language.

Question 8

What is the Interactionalist Approach?

Answer 8

The interactionist approach consists of social-interactionist theories of language development. These theories propose that children learn language through interaction and social experiences.

Question 9

What is Phonology?

Answer 9

the rule about the structure and sequence of speech sounds

Question 10

What is semantics?

Answer 10

consists of vocabulary and how concepts are expressed through words

Question 11

What is syntax?

Answer 11

the rules by which words are arranged into sentences

Question 12

What is Morphology?

Answer 12

Morphology is the use of grammatical markers to indicate tense, active, or passive voice.

Question 13

What is pragmatics?

Answer 13

the rules for appropriate and effective communication

Question 14

What are the three skills involved in pragmatics?

Answer 14

Using language for purposes (greeting, demanding, etc.)

Changing language for talking differently depending on who you are talking to

Following rules such as turn taking and staying on topic

Question 15

The component of language that involves two parts, syntax and morphology is known as _____ development.

Answer 15

Grammatical

Question 16

The component of language that involves the rules of structure and speech sounds is called _____.

Answer 16

Phonology

Question 17

What is Oral Language?

Answer 17

refers to the skills needed to properly communicate a spoken language (including all grammatical, linguistic, and vocabulary)

Question 18

How does Oral Language help children with Reading Development?

Answer 18

Oral language familiarizes children with specific sounds and language structure, as well as abstract concepts of linking sounds and words to a physical meaning.

Question 19

What are the four primary ways oral development helps with reading development?

Answer 19

Vocabulary development, communicating specific meanings, teaching culture, building comfort with communication

Question 21

What are the 6 aspects of Oral Language

Answer 21

Phonology, vocabulary, grammar, morphology, pragmatics, and discourse

Question 22

What external factor do educators need to be aware of that may influence exposure to language and oral language development?

Answer 22

Social Economic Status

Question 23

Oral language teaches young children culture. How does this impact reading?

Answer 23

It teaches children the background knowledge they need to contextualize what they are reading.

Question 24

What is Orthographic Processing?

Answer 24

The ability to recognize words, spell words, and put letters in the proper sequence for words

Question 25

Developing skills for orthographic processing and phonics are learned ________ to build reading skills.

Answer 25

simultaneously

Question 26

Orthographic processing and mapping happen as a result of what awareness's?

Answer 26

Phonological and phonemic

Question 27

What is phonological awareness?

Answer 27

one's ability to use letters and words learned in sentences

Question 28

What is Phonemic awareness

Answer 28

to recognize the sounds associated with letters and words

Question 29

What is orthographic knowledge?

Answer 29

using parts of words to determine how to say and spell them

Question 30

What is orthographic dyslexia?

Answer 30

is a type of dyslexia that causes trouble with the skills to store in memory and read letters or words accurately. It is difficult for those with orthographic dyslexia to retain sight words and use them to aid in reading or writing.

Question 31

What is dysgraphia?

Answer 31

is an orthographic issue that affects motor skills and involves working memory. Dysgraphia occurs when one has trouble writing. If one has dysgraphia, they lack the skills to transcribe. They have difficulty with spelling, writing, or even typing.

Question 32

What can be done to improve orthographic skills?

Answer 32

Students can receive targeted interventions

Question 33

Why do some readers with orthographic processing problems read in a choppy manner?

Answer 33

They are relying on decoding and are unable to use sight word knowledge

Question 34

What is the best way for teachers to help students learn a new language?

Answer 34

Either frequent use of the native language or immersion may work. Be adaptable, consider a middle ground and recognize that students are unique and each learns in their own way

Question 35

Some systems call for a widespread use of a student's native language. These types of systems emphasize _____.

Answer 35

grammar

Question 36

How are students expected to learn the definitions of words in systems which do not allow for use of a student's native language?

Answer 36

through making word associations and definitions from words they already know in their second language

Question 37

An immersion system _______.

Answer 37

forces students to read, learn and speak in their second language only

Question 38

In what type of system is direct translation encouraged?

Answer 38

systems that allow the use of native language In systems that allow the use of the native language, the native language is used as a benchmark for the student's learning and translation from one language to the other is encouraged.

Question 39

What are the 3 components of metacognition?

Answer 39

Plan, control, and evaluate the learning process

Question 40

What is metacognition?

Answer 40

a type of reasoning that helps us to evaluate our thinking and use of strategies when we need help understanding

Question 41

Define Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 41

Motication based on personal interest, self fulfillment, or desire to grasp-material

Question 42

Define Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 42

based on the desire of certain results such as test scores or approval

Question 43

What is motivation

Answer 43

the inner drive to act

Question 44

The process of building background knowledge as a base for vocabulary development is based on which theory?

Answer 44

Schema Theory The correct answer is schema theory, which argues that all knowledge is organized into units (or schemas) that represent one's understanding of the world around them. This theory contends that a person ties new information to existing schemas, and proponents of this philosophy contend that building background knowledge before introducing new vocabulary helps students connect new words to existing schemas.

Question 45

According to NYSLS standards, students completing Grade 12 should be proficient in which speaking and listening skill?

Answer 45

Delivering formal presentations using digital media The NYSLS speaking and listening standards aim to prepare students for college and career readiness by the end of Grade 12, and this goal includes the ability to deliver formal presentations using digital media. Presentations in the modern world typically incorporate some form of digital media to enhance the delivery of information (such as PowerPoint), and students entering higher education and/or professional settings will likely be expected to understand these types of digital information delivery systems.

Question 46

Much of our literature is based on an older oral tradition. Which of the following are among the most well-known collectors of these older folktales?

Answer 46

Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm The Grimm Brothers, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, are among the most well-known collectors of folktales from an ancient oral tradition. Stories such as "Hansel and Gretel," "Rapunzel," and "Snow White" are believed to be much older than the written version and come from an oral tradition thousands of years old.

Question 47

Which of the following would most likely occur if a student does not understand a tier 2 vocabulary word?

Answer 47

The student can misunderstand the lesson or piece of literature. Tier 2 words are those that can apply to different subjects or topics. Students who misunderstand these words can misunderstand the lesson or not understand the point of the literature they are reading.

Question 48

The NYSLS standards for vocabulary acquisition and use in grades 5-9 emphasize:

Answer 48

The NYSLS standards for vocabulary acquisition and use in grades 5-9 emphasize the understanding and use of words and phrases in context. These standards prioritize helping students to understand how word meanings can change depending on the situation (or context).