CH10&11

Question 1

CO2 principle carbon source (in air)

Answer 1

autotrophs

Question 2

CO2 from reduced/pre-formed organic molecules (other living things)

Answer 2

heterotrophs

Question 3

carbon source trophs

Answer 3

autotrophs and heterotrophs

Question 4

energy source trophs

Answer 4

phototrophs and chemotrophs

Question 5

energy source from light

Answer 5

phototrophs

Question 6

energy source from oxidizing organic/inorganic compounds

Answer 6

chemotrophs

ex: us

Question 7

electron/H+ source trophs

Answer 7

lithotrophs and organotrophs

Question 8

electron/H+ source from reduced inorganic compounds

Answer 8

lithotrophs

Question 9

electron/H+ source from organic compounds

Answer 9

organotrophs

Question 10

example of photolitoautotroph

Answer 10

photosynthetic bacteria, algae, plants

Question 11

example of photoorganoheterotroph

Answer 11

purple and green non-sulfur bacteria

Question 12

example of chemolithoautotroph

Answer 12

iron, sulfur, hydrogen, and nitrifying bacteria

Question 13

example of chemoorganoheterotroph

Answer 13

protozoans, fungi, animals

Question 14

aerobic respiration equation with donor and acceptors

Answer 14

NAD(P)+ + H+ —–> NAD(P)H (donnor)
or
FAD + 2H+ + 2e- ——> FADH2 (donnor)

1/2 O2 (acceptor) + 2H+ + 2e- —-> H2O

Question 15

anaerobic respiration equation with donor and acceptors

Answer 15

NAD(P)+ + H+ —–> NAD(P)H (donnor)
or
FAD + 2H+ + 2e- ——> FADH2 (donnor)

sulfate SO4^2- (acceptor)
or
NO3- (acceptor) + 2H+ +2e- ——-> NO2- + H2O

Question 16

fermenation (anaerobic respiration) equation with donor and acceptors

Answer 16

NAD(P)+ + H+ —–> NAD(P)H (donnor)

Acetaldehyde (acceptor) + 2H+ + 2e- —–> ethanol
or
Pyruvate (acceptor) + 2H+ + 2e- —–> lactate^2-

Question 17

chemolithotrophy equation with donor and acceptors

Answer 17

NO^3- + 2H+ +2e- ——-> NO2- (donnor) + H2O
or
NO^2- + 8H+ +6e- ——-> NH4+ (donnor) + 2H2O

1/2 O2 (acceptor) + 2H+ + 2e- —-> H2O

Question 18

series of sequential oxidation/reduction rxns

Answer 18

electron transport chain

Question 19

location of electron transport chain in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Answer 19

eukaryotes- mitochondria

prokaryotes- plasma membrane

Question 20

terminal electron acceptors in aerobic and anaerobic

Answer 20

aerobic: O2
anaerobic: nitrate, sulfate, archaea use CO2

Question 21

energy from the electron transport chain oxidation generates a proton motive force from

Answer 21

H+ [ ] gradient/ charge difference across membrane

Question 22

outside vs inside charge difference in electron transport chain

Answer 22

outside: H+
inside: -

Question 23

what does the ETC allow

Answer 23

ATP synthase of protons back inside across membrane

Question 24

How does the ETC work in bacteria

Answer 24

• electron donnors give off 2 e- tht go into the
  ETC
  -H+ are pumped by ETC from the inside to the outside of the plasma membrane
  -the 2 e- are passed thru the ETC and given to the electron acceptor
  -the proton motive force allows the H+ to get pumped back thru membrane and thru ATPase that converts ADP + Pi —-> ATP + H2O

Question 25

in bacteria the proton motive force (PMF) is used for:

Answer 25

- synthesis of ATP- protons move thru ATPase - motility- protons move thru channel in basal of flagella causing it to spin - active transport- uptake of nutrients against a [ ] gradient

Question 26

describe gylcolysis

Answer 26

- as glucose to being converted to 2 pyruvate: - 2 ATP are converted to 4 ATP (2 generated) - substrate level phosphorylation - 2NAD+ to reduced to 2NADH - the 2NADH go into ETC produces 5 ATP (oxidative phosphorylation) and 1/2 O2 is converted to 2 H2O in ETC 7 ATP generated

Question 27

describe pyruvate oxidation

Answer 27

2 pyruvate produce 2 Acetyl-CoA 5 ATP produced (oxidative phosphorylation)

Question 28

describe the TCA cycle

Answer 28

``` oxidative phosphorylation (NADH) 15ATP oxidative phosphorylation (FADH) 3 substrate level phosphorylation (GTP) 2 ``` total 20

Question 29

total aerobic ATP yield

Answer 29

32 ATP

Question 30

fermentation donnor and acceptor

Answer 30

donnor-FADH | acceptor- acetaldehyde, pyruvate

Question 31

- generate NADH+ - low energy yield (substrate level phosphorylation, no ETC or PMF) - toxic end product

Answer 31

fermentation

Question 32

of ATPs produced in fermentation

Answer 32

2 ATP

Question 33

what happens if no O2 in fermentation

Answer 33

glycolysis backs up from the back up of NAD+

Question 34

nitrifying bacteria

Answer 34

Nitrosomonas or Nitrobacter

Question 35

what is NH4+ and 1 1/2 O2 in Nitrosomonas sp. reduced to

Answer 35

NO2 and H2O

Question 36

what is NO2- in Nitrobacter sp. reduced to

Answer 36

NO3-

Question 37

importance of terrestrial habitats for nitrifying bacteria

Answer 37

- plants use of NO2- | - plants don't take up as quickly

Question 38

why is it bad if plants cannot take up all the NO2- in soil and it seeps into water sources?

Answer 38

- it may seep into streams, algae can grow from it - once algae dies, bacteria oxidize the algae causing fish to die from the lack of O2 in the water -infants/children cannot drink water with Nitrite bc it can cause blue baby syndrome bc Nitrate binds to hemoglobin

Question 39

why wont NH4+ wash out of soil?

Answer 39

bc the soil is -, so it will hold the + NH4+

Question 40

most to least energy yield with their e- carries

Answer 40

``` most -aerobic- O2 -anaerobic- NO3-, SO4^2-, CO2 -chemolithotrophy- O2, SO4^2-, NO3- -fermentation- pyruvate acid least ```

Question 41

sulfur oxidizing bacteria

Answer 41

Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidan

Question 42

acid mine drainage is from the bacteria called

Answer 42

Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidan

Question 43

advantage of acid mine drainage

Answer 43

used for bio mining- slow process

Question 44

- reduced inorganic compounds are e- donors - O2 is usually acceptor - prokaryotic - low energy yield- oxidize large quantities of nutrients

Answer 44

chemolithotrophy

Question 45

organic electron donors for chemoorganotrophy

Answer 45

``` -aerobic- O2 +++ ETC -anaerobic- NO3-, SO4^2-, CO2 ++ ETC -fermentation- pyruvate acid (endogenous organic e- acceptor) + ETC ```

Question 46

inorganic electron donors for chemoorganotrophy

Answer 46

-chemolithotrophy- O2, SO4^2-, NO3- | + ETC