CH11-Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
palate
A
separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
2
Q
soft palate
A
posterior portion, not supported by bone
3
Q
hard palate
A
anterior portion, supported by bone
4
Q
uvula
A
soft V-shaped structure that extends from the soft palate; directs food into the throat
5
Q
cardia
A
area around the opening of the esophagus
6
Q
fundus
A
proximal domed portion of the stomach
7
Q
pylorus
A
portion of the stomach that connects to the small intestine
8
Q
antrum
A
distal portion of the stomach
9
Q
pyloric sphincter
A
ring of the muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum
10
Q
duodenum
A
first 10 to 12 inches of the small intestine
11
Q
jejunum
A
second portion of the small intestine, approximately 8 feet long
12
Q
ileum
A
third portion of the small intestine, approximately 11 feet long, which connects with the large intestine
13
Q
cecum
A
u-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine
14
Q
salivary glands
A
produces saliva, which flows into the mouth
15
Q
bile ducts
A
passageways that carry bile: the hepatic duct is a passageway for bile from the liver, and the cystic duct carries bile to and from the gallbladder. They join to form the common bile duct, which conveys bile to the duodenum. Collectively, these passageways are referred to as the biliary tract.
16
Q
gallbladder
A
small, saclike structure that stores bile produced by the liver
17
Q
peritoneum
A
serous saclike lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
18
Q
ano
A
anus
19
Q
antro
A
antrum
20
Q
ceco
A
cecum
21
Q
colo
A
colon (large intestine)
22
Q
duodeno
A
duodenum
23
Q
entero
A
small intestine
24
Q
gastro
A
stomach
25
ileo
ileum
26
jejuno
jejunum
27
oro
mouth
28
procto
rectum
29
sigmoido
sigmoid colon
30
cheilo
lips
31
cholangio
bile ducts
32
chole
gall, bile
33
choledocho
common bile duct
34
diverticulo
diverticulum
35
gingivo
gums
36
glosso
tongue
37
hepato
liver
38
hernio
hernia (protrusion of an organ through a membrane or cavity wall)
39
polypo
polyp, small growth
40
pyloro
pylorus, pyloric sphincter
41
sialo
saliva, salivary gland
42
steato
fat
43
hemi
half
44
pepsia
digestion
45
cholangioma
tumor of the bile duct
46
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
47
choledocholithiasis
condition of stones in the common bile duct
48
cholelithiasis
condition of the gallstones
49
colitis
inflammation of the colon
50
diverticulitis
inflammation of a diverticulum
51
enteritis
inflammation of the intestines
52
gastritis
inflammation of the stomach
53
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and intestines
54
gingivitis
inflammation of the gums
55
glossitis
inflammation of the tongue
56
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
57
hepatoma
tumor of the liver
58
palatitis
inflammation of the palate
59
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
60
polyposis
abnormal condition of (multiple) polyps (in the mucous membrane of the intestine, especially the colon)
61
proctitis
inflammation of the rectum
62
rectocele
hernia of the rectum
63
sialolith
stone in the salivary gland
64
steatohepatitis
inflammation of the liver associated with (excess) fat
65
uvulitis
inflammation of the uvula
66
adhesion
abnormal growing together of two peritoneal surfaces that normally are separated
67
celiac disease
malabsorption syndrome caused by an immune reaction to gluten (a protein in wheat, rye, and barley), which may damage the lining of the small intestine that is responsible for absorption of food into the bloodstream. Celiac disease is considered a multisystem disorder with varying signs and
symptoms, including abdominal bloating and pain, chronic diarrhea or constipation, steatorrhea(excessive fat in the stool), vomiting, weight loss, fatigue, and iron deficiency anemia. A pruritic skin rash known as dermatitis herpetiformis may be associated with celiac disease (also called gluten
enteropathy).
68
cirrhosis
chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells and formation of scar tissue; commonly caused by alcoholism and certain types of viral hepatitis
69
crohn disease
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract usually affecting the ileum and colon; characterized by cobblestone ulcerations and the formation of scar tissue that may lead to intestinal obstruction (also called regional ileitis or regional enteritis)
70
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
abnormal backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus, causing heartburn and the gradual breakdown of the mucous barrier of the esophagus
71
hemochromatosis
iron metabolism disorder that occurs when too much iron is absorbed from food, resulting in excessive deposits of iron in the tissue; can cause heart failure, diabetes, cirrhosis, or cnacer of the liver
72
hemorrhoids
swollen or distended veins in the rectum or anus, which are called internal or external, respectively, and can be a source of rectal bleeding and pain
73
Ileus
non-mechanical obstruction of the intestine, caused by a lack of effective peristalsis
74
intussusception
telescoping of a segment of the intestine
75
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
periodic disturbance of bowel function, such as diarrhea and/or constipation, usually associated with abdominal pain
76
obesity
excess of body fat
77
peptic ulcer
erosion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum associated with increased secretion of acid from the stomach, bacterial infection or medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
78
polyp
tumorlike growth extending outward from a mucous membrane; usually benign
79
ulcerative colitis
disease characterized by inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers, which can cause bloody diarrhea
80
volvulus
twisting or kinking of the intestine, causing intestinal obstruction
81
abdominocentesis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the abdominal cavity
82
abdominoplasty
surgical repair of the abdomen
83
anoplasty
surgical repair of the anus
84
antrectomy
excision of the antrum (of the stomach)
85
appendectomy
excision of the appendix
86
cheiloplasty
surgical repair of the lip
87
cholecystectomy
excision of the gallbladder
88
choledocholithotomy
incision into the common bile duct to remove a stone
89
colectomy
excision of the colon
90
colostomy
creation of an artificial opening into the colon (through the abdominal wall). (Used for the passage of stool. A colostomy, which creates a mouthlike opening on the abdominal wall called a stoma, may be permanent or temporary; performed as treatment for bowel obstruction, cancer, or diverticulitis.)
91
diverticulectomy
excision of a diverticulum
92
enterorrhaphy
suturing of the intestine
93
esophagogastroplasty
surgical repair of the esophagus and the stomach
94
gastrectomy
excision of the stomach (or part of the stomach)
95
gastrojejunostomy
creation of an artificial opening between the stomach and jejunum
96
gastroplasty
surgical repair of the stomach
97
gastrostomy
creation of an artificial opening into the stomach (through the abdominal wall)
98
gingivectomy
surgical removal of gum (tissue)
99
glossorrhaphy
suturing of the tongue
100
hemicolectomy
excision of half of the colon
101
herniorrhaphy
suturing of hernia (for repair)
102
ileostomy
creation of an artificial opening into the ileum (through the abdominal wall creating a stoma, a mouthlike opening on the abdominal wall) (used for the passage of stool)
103
laparotomy
incision into the abdominal cavity
104
palatoplasty
surgical repair of the palate
105
polypectomy
excision of a polyp
106
pyloromyotomy
incision into the pyloric muscle (performed to correct pyloric stenosis)
107
pyloroplasty
surgical repair of the pylorus
108
uvulectomy
excision of the uvula
109
uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
surgical repair of the uvula, palate, and pharynx (performed to correct obstructive sleep apnea)
110
abdominoperineal resection (APR)
removal of the distal colon, rectum, and anal sphincter through both abdominal and perineal approaches
111
anastomosis
connection created by surgically joining two structures, such as blood vessels or bowel segments
112
bariatric surgery
surgical reduction of gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity, a condition which can cause serious
113
hemorrhoidectomy
excision of hemorrhoids, the swollen or distended veins in the lower rectum and anus
114
vagotomy
cutting of certain branches of the vagus nerve, performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid produced and thus reduce the recurrence of ulcers
115
cholangiogram
radiographic image of the bile ducts
116
cholangiography
radiographic imaging of the bile ducts (after administration of contrast media to outline the ducts)
117
CT colonography
radiographic imaging of the colon (using computed tomography)
118
esophagogram
radiographic image of the esophagus (and pharynx)
119
capsule endoscopy
(capsule) visual examination within (a hollow organ); (procedure that uses a tiny wireless camera to take pictures of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the small intestine [which is not easily accessed by traditional endoscopy]; used to find obscure causes of gastrointestinal bleeding and to diagnose disorders such as Crohn disease, celiac disease, and cancer [also called camera endoscopy])
120
colonscope
instrument used for visual examination of the colon
121
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
122
esophagoscopy
visual examination of the esophagus
123
gastroscope
instrument used for visual examination of the stomach
124
laparoscope
instrument used for visual examination of the abdominal cavity
125
proctoscope
instrument used for visual examination of the rectum
126
proctoscopy
visual examination of the rectum
127
sigmoidoscopy
visual examination of the sigmoid colon
128
abdominal sonography
ultrasound scan of the abdominal cavity in which the size and structure of organs such as the aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas can be visualized. Liver cysts, abscesses, tumors, cholelithiasis, pancreatitis, and pancreatic tumors may be detected. May also be used to evaluate the kidneys and the portion of the aorta extending through the abdominal cavity
129
barium enema (BE)
series of radiographic images taken of the large intestine after the contrast agent barium has been administered rectally
130
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
procedure in which contrast media is introduced (through an endoscope in the duodenum) into the biliary and pancreatic ducts; used to evaluate obstructions, strictures, stone diseases, pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer
131
endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)
procedure using an endoscope fitted with an ultrasound probe that provides images of the esophageal and stomach linings, as well as the walls of the small and large intestines; used to detect tumors and cystic growths and for staging of malignant tumors
132
upper GI series
series of radiographic images taken of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the contrast agent barium has been administered orally
133
fecal occult blood test (FOBT)
test to detect occult blood in feces. it is used to screen for colon cancer or polyps
134
helicobacter pylori antibodies test
blood test to determine the presence of H. pylori bacteria. the bacteria can be found in the lining of the stomach and can cause peptic ulcers
135
aphagia
without swallowing (the inability to)
136
celiac
pertaining to the abdomen
137
colorectal
pertaining to the colon and rectum
138
duodenal
pertaining to the duodenum
139
dyspepsia
difficult digestion (often used to describe GI symptoms, such as abdominal pain and bloating)
140
dysphagia
difficult swallowing
141
enteropathy
disease of the intestine
142
gastric
pertaining to the stomach
143
gastroenterology
study of the stomach and intestines
144
gastromalacia
softening of the stomach
145
hepatomegaly
enlargement of the liver
146
ileocecal
pertaining to the ileum and cecum
147
nasogastric
pertaining to the nose and stomach
148
orogastric
pertaining to the mouth and stomach
149
peritoneal
pertaining to the peritoneum
150
proctology
study of the rectum
151
steatorrhea
discharge of fat (excessive amount of fat in the stool, causing frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter usually associated with the malabsorption of fat in conditions such as chronic pancreatitis and celiac disease)
152
steatosis
abnormal condition of fat (increased fat at the cellular level often affecting the liver)
153
stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth (mucous membrane)
154
sublingual
pertaining to under the tongue
155
ascites
abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
156
dysentery
disorder that involves inflammation of the intestine (usually the large intestine) associated with abdominal pain and diarrhea that is often bloody
157
emesis
expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth
158
flatus
gas in the GI tract or expelled through the anus
159
gastric lavage
washing out of the stomach
160
gavage
process of feeding a person through a tube
161
hematemesis
vomiting of blood
162
hematochezia
passage of visibly bloody faces
163
melena
black, tarry stool that contains digested blood; usually a result of bleeding in the upper GI tract
164
palpate
to examine by hand; to feel
165
peristalsis
involuntary wavelike contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract
166
stoma
surgical opening between an organ and the surface of the body, such as the opening established in the abdominal wall by colostomy, ileostomy, or a similar operation
