CH14-Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
periosteum
A
outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue
2
Q
compact bone
A
dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum
3
Q
cancellous bone
A
contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bone (spongy bone)
4
Q
endosteum
A
membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
5
Q
diaphysis
A
shaft of the long bones
6
Q
epiphysis
A
end of each long bone
7
Q
bone marrow
A
material found in the cavities of the bones
8
Q
red marrow
A
thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation
9
Q
yellow marrow
A
soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones
10
Q
maxilla
A
upper jawbone
11
Q
mandible
A
lower jawbone
12
Q
vertebral column
A
made up bones called vertebrae or vertebra through which the spinal cord runs. the vertebral column protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and provides points of attachment for ribs and muscles.
13
Q
cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
A
first set of seven bones, forming the neck
14
Q
thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
A
second set of 12 vertebrae; they articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine
15
Q
lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
A
third set of five larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine
16
Q
sacrum
A
next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones, forming joints called the sacroiliac joints
17
Q
coccyx
A
four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone
18
Q
lamina
A
part of the vertebral arch
19
Q
clavicle
A
collarbone
20
Q
scapula
A
shoulder bone
21
Q
acromion process
A
extension of the scapula, which forms the superior point of the shoulder
22
Q
sternum
A
breastbone
23
Q
xiphoid process
A
lower portion of the sternum
24
Q
humerus
A
upper arm bone
25
ulna and radius
lower arm bones
26
olecranon process
projection at the proximal end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow
27
carpal bones
wrist bones
28
metacarpal bones
hand bones (metacarpus)
29
phalanx
finger and toe bones
30
ischium
lower, posterior portion of the pelvis on which one sits
31
ilium
upper, wing-shaped part on each side of the pelvis
32
acetabulum
large socket in the pelvis for the head of the femur
33
femur
upper leg bone
34
tibia and fibula
lower leg bones
35
patella
kneecap
36
tarsal bones
ankle bones
37
calcaneus
heel bone
38
metatarsal bones
foot bones
39
meniscus
crescent-shaped cartilage found in some joints, including the knee
40
intervertebral disk
cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine
41
pubic symphsis
cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones come together anteriorly at the midline
42
synovia
fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities, bursae, and around tendons
43
bursa
fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another
44
ligament
flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint
45
aponeurosis
strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone
46
skeletal muscles
striated muscles
47
smooth muscles
unstriated muscles
48
cardiac muscle
myocardium
49
carpo
carpals, wrist
50
costo
rib
51
ilio
ilium
52
lumbo
loin, lumbar region of the spine
53
rachio
vertebra, spine, vertabral column
54
tarso
tarsals, ankle bones
55
aponeuro
aponeurosis
56
arthro
joint
57
chondro
cartilage
58
menisco
meniscus (crescent)
59
synovio
synovia, synovial membrane
60
ankylo
stiff,bent
61
kinesio
movement, motion
62
kypho
hump (increase convexity of the spine)
63
lordo
bent forward (increased concavity of the spine)
64
myelo
bone marrow
65
osteo
bone
66
petro
stone
67
sarco
flesh, connective tissue
68
scolio
(lateral) curved (spine)
69
inter
beteen
70
upra
above
71
asthenia
weakness
72
desis
surgical fixation, fusion
73
schisis
split, fissure
74
trophy
nourishment, development
75
ankylosis
abnormal condition of stiffness
76
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
77
chondromalacia
softening of cartilage
78
cranioschisis
fissure of the cranium
79
diskitis
inflammation of an intervertebral disk
80
fibromyalgia
paint in the fibrous tissues and muscles (a common condition characterized by widespread pain and stiffness of muscles, fatigue, and disturbed sleep)
81
kyphosis
abnormal condition of a hump (in the thoracic spine); hunchback
82
lordosis
abnormal condition of bending forward in the lumbar spine; swayback
83
maxillitis
inflammation of the maxilla
84
meniscitis
inflammation of a meniscus
85
myasthenia
muscle weakness
86
myelome
tumor of the bone marrow (malignant)
87
osteitis
inflammation of the bone
88
osteoarthritis (OA)
inflammation of the bone and joint
89
osteochondritis
inflammation of the bone and cartilage
90
osteofibroma
tumor of the bone and fibrous tissue
91
osteomalacia
softening of bone
92
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow (caused by bacterial infection)
93
osteopenia
abnormal reduction of bone marrow (caused by inadequate replacement of bone lost to normal bone lysis and can lead to osteoporosis
94
osteopetrosis
abnormal condition of stonelike bones; very dense bones caused by defective resorption of bone
95
osteosarcoma
malignant tumor of the bone
96
polymyositis
inflammation of many muscles
97
rachischisis
fissure of the vertebral column
98
rhabdomyolysis
dissolution of striated muscle
99
sarcopenia
abnormal reduction of connective tissue
100
scoliosis
abnormal condition of lateral curved spine
101
spondylarthritis
inflammation of the vertebral joints; spondyloarthritis
102
spondylosis
abnormal condition of the vertebrae
103
synoviosarcoma
malignant tumor of the synovial membrane
104
tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
105
tenosynovitis
inflammation of the tendon and synovial membrane
106
ankylosing spondylitis
form of arthritis that first affects the spine and adjacent structures and that, as it progresses, causes a
forward bend of the spine (also called Strümpell-Marie arthritis or disease, or rheumatoid
spondylitis)
107
bunion
abnormal prominence of the joint at the base of the great toe, the metatarsal-phalangeal joint. It is a
common problem, often hereditary or caused by poorly fitted shoes
108
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
common nerve entrapment disorder of the wrist caused by compression of the median nerve.
Symptoms include pain and tingling in portions of the hand and fingers.
109
colles fracture
type of wrist fracture. The fracture is at the distal end of the radius, the distal fragment being
displaced backward.
110
exostosis
abnormal benign growth on the surface of a bone
111
gout
disease in which an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium urate crystals (tophi) to
be deposited in the joints, producing arthritis. The great toe is frequently affected.
112
herniated disk
rupture of the intervertebral disk cartilage, which allows the contents to protrude through it, putting
pressure on the spinal nerve roots (also called slipped disk, ruptured disk, herniated intervertebral
disk, or herniated nucleus pulposus [HNP])
113
lyme disease
infection caused by a bite from a deer tick infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. This bacterium provokes
an immune response in the body, the symptoms of which can mimic several musculoskeletal diseases.
Patients may experience fever, headache, and joint pain. A rash (target lesion) may initially arise at
the site of the tick bite. Lyme disease was first reported in Lyme, Connecticut, in 1975.
114
muscular dystrophy
group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness
115
myasthenia gravis (MG)
chronic disease characterized by muscle weakness and thought to be caused by a defect in the
transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle cell. The face, larynx, and throat are frequently
affected; no true paralysis of the muscles exists.
116
osteoporosis
abnormal loss of bone density that may lead to an increase in fractures of the ribs, thoracic and
lumbar vertebrae, hips, and wrists after slight trauma (occurs predominantly in postmenopausal
women)
117
platar fasciitis
inflammation of plantar fascia, connective tissue of the sole of the foot, due to repetitive injury;
common cause of heel pain
118
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue
throughout the body
119
spinal stenosis
narrowing of the spinal canal with compression of nerve roots. The condition is either congenital or
due to spinal degeneration. Symptoms are pain radiating to the thigh or lower legs and numbness or
tingling in the lower extremities.
120
spondylolisthesis
forward slipping of one vertebra over another
121
aponeurorrhaphy
suturing of an aponeurosis
122
arthrocentesis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from a joint
123
arthrodesis
surgical fixation of a joint
124
arthroplasty
surgical repair of a joint
125
bursectomy
excision of a bursa
126
carpectomy
excision of a carpal bone
127
chondrectomy
excision of a cartilage
128
chondroplasty
surgical repair of a cartilage
129
costectomy
excision of a rib
130
cranioplasty
surgical repair of the skull
131
craniotomy
incision into the cranium
132
diskectomy
excision of an intervertebral disk
133
laminectomy
excision of a lamina
134
macillectomy
excision of the maxilla
135
meniscectomy
excision of a meniscus
136
myorrhaphy
suturing of a muscle
137
ostectomy
excision of a bone
138
osteotomy
incision into a bone
139
patellectomy
excision of a patella
140
phalangectomy
excision of a finger or toe bone
141
rachiotomy
incision into the vertebral column
142
spondylosyndesis
fusing together of the vertebrae
143
synovectomy
excision of the synovial membrane of a joint
144
tarsectomy
excision of one or more tarsal bones
145
tenomyoplasty
surgical repair of the tendon and muscle
146
tenorrhaphy
suturing of a tendon
147
vertebroplasty
surgical repair of a vertebra
148
arthrography
radiographic imaging of a joint (with contrast media). (Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] has mostly
replaced conventional arthrography as the imaging technique for joints such as the knee, wrist, hip, and
shoulder. Many of the remaining arthrograms are performed in conjunction with MRI. A conventional
arthrogram might be used in situations in which a patient cannot have an MRI, such as a person with a
cardiac pacemaker. See Table 14.3 for diagnostic imaging procedures used for the musculoskeletal
system.)
149
arthroscopy
visual examination of a joint
150
electromyogram (EMG)
record of the electrical activity in a skeletal muscle
151
arthralgia
pain in the joint
152
atrophy
without development (process of wasting away)
153
bradykinesia
slow movement
154
costochondral
pertaining to the ribs and carilage
155
dystrophy
abnormal development
156
hyperkinesia
kyperactive
157
hypertrophy
excessive development
158
iliofemoral
pertaining to the ilium and femure
159
intercostal
pertaining to between the ribs
160
ischiopubis
pertaining to the ischium and pubis
161
myalgia
pain in muscle
162
osteoblast
developing bone cell
163
osteocyte
bone cell
164
osteoncrosis
abnormal condition of bone death (due to lack of blood supply)
165
sternoid
resembling the sternum
166
subcostal
pertaining to below the rub
167
symphysis
growing together (as in symphysis pubis)
168
crepitus
crackling sensation heard or felt when two bones rub against each other or grating caused by the
rubbing together of dry surfaces of a joint. (Crepitus is also used to describe the crackling sound heard
with pneumonia.) (also called crepitation)
169
podiatrist
specialist in treating and diagnosing diseases and disorders of the foot, including medical and surgical treatment
170
abduction
moving away from the midline
171
adduction
moving toward the midline
172
inversion
turning inward
173
exversion
turning outward
174
extension
movement in which a limb is placed in a straight position, increasing the angle between the bone and the joint
175
flexion
movement in which a limb is bent, decreasing the angle between the bone and the joint
176
pronation
movement that turns the palm down
177
supination
movement that turns the palm up
