Ch.12

Question 1

CNS has two main divisions ( brain)

Answer 1

Brain: cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum

Question 2

CNS has two main divisions ( spinal cord)

Answer 2

Spinal cord: extends inferiorly from the brain stem to the lumbar vertebrae

Question 3

Protection of CNS (skeletal)

Answer 3

Skeletal: skull including all cranial bones and vertebral column

Question 4

Protection of CNS (Meninges)

Answer 4

Meninges: three protective connective tissue layers

Question 5

Protection of CNS ( Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) )

Answer 5

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): fluid in between meninges and inside cavities withing the brain and spinal cord

Question 6

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 6

• Formed by choroid plexus
• Functions are mechanical (buoyancy & shock-absorption) and chemical protection (maintain optimal ionic concentrations of interstitial fluid)

Question 7

Meninges: ( Dura Mater)

Answer 7

(outermost): strongest and most dense irregular connective tissue

Question 8

Meninges: ( Arachnoid matter)

Answer 8

(middle): avascular web of delicate collagen and elastic fibers separated from dura mater by subdural space

Question 9

Meninges: (Pia Mater)

Answer 9

(innermost)L: transparent adheres tightly to surface of brain and spinal cord separated from arachnoid by subarachnoid space

Question 10

Blood flow from brain to spinal cord

Answer 10

• Notable interruptions in blood flow can cause loss of unconsciousness, stroke and even death
• Blood provides a continuous supply of oxygen and glucose, while removing waste and carbon dioxide
• Blood flow increases during higher levels of metabolic activity

Question 11

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

Answer 11

• Functions to shield the brain from toxic substances in the blood while supplying brain tissue with nutrients

Question 12

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 12

• function: covers the lower brain & is responsible for higher-level processes of the human brain
• location: right under the meninges
• Divided into 4 lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital

Question 13

Cerebrum section anatomy: (Cortex)

Answer 13

• outside rim of GRAY MATTER
• GYRI: folds of cortex
• sulci: shallow grooves between gyri
• fissures: deepest grooves, between major section

Question 14

Cerebrum section anatomy: (base nuclei)

Answer 14

functional clusters of gray matter, deep within white matter

Question 15

Cerebrum section anatomy:
(Internal (medulla) white matter)

Answer 15

tracts of myelinated axons that propagate impulses for communication within the CNS

Question 16

Cerebrum Cortex functional areas: (Sensory Areas)

Answer 16

allows perception (conscious awareness) of sensory info

Question 17

Cerebrum Cortex functional areas: (Motor Areas)

Answer 17

controls the execution of voluntary movement

Question 18

Cerebrum Cortex functional areas: (Association Areas)

Answer 18

concerned w/ more complex integrative function theses include personality traits, emotions, decision making

Question 19

Cerebral Cortex sensory areas: (Primary somatosensory area)

Answer 19

receives nerve impulses for somatic sensory receptors for touch, pressure, vibration, temp, etc

Question 20

Cerebral Cortex sensory areas: (Primary visual area)

Answer 20

receives and perceives visual info

Question 21

Cerebral Cortex sensory areas: (Primary auditory area)

Answer 21

receives and perceives sound info

Question 22

Cerebral cortex motor areas: (Primary Motor Area)-precentral gyrus

Answer 22

controls voluntary contractions of specific skeletal muscle groups on opposite side of body

Question 23

Cerebral cortex motor areas: (Broca’s Area)

Answer 23

controls muscles of larynx, pharynx, and mouth for production of speech

• also coordinates control of muscles for breathing to regulate proper air flow

Question 24

Cerebral cortex association areas: (Common Integrative area)

Answer 24

integrates sensory interpretations from the association areas, allowing thoughts bases on sensory input

Question 25

Cerebral cortex association areas: (Prefrontal cortex)

Answer 25

concerned w/ personality, intellect complex learning abilities, judgement, reasoning, conscience, intuition, and development of abstract ideas

Question 26

Cerebellum

Answer 26

- evaluates smooth and coordinates contractions of skeletal muscles - maintains posture and balance

Question 27

Diencephalon

Answer 27

function: central core of brain tissue from brain stem to cerebrum surrounding 3rd ventricle

Question 28

Thalamus

Answer 28

- know location: on pic - function: relays and processes sensory impulses to primary sensory areas of cerebral cortex

Question 29

Hypothalamus

Answer 29

- know location - function: maintain homeostasis

Question 30

Pineal gland

Answer 30

- secretes hormone melatonin - know location on pic

Question 31

Brain stem

Answer 31

- function: responsible for many vital functions of life: breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and sleep - also helps coordination and reflexes

Question 32

Brain stem - Medulla ( Pyramids)

Answer 32

motor tracts from cerebrum to spinal cord control voluntary movement of trunks and limbs

Question 33

Brain stem - Medulla (Cardiovascular center)

Answer 33

controls heart rate and blood pressure

Question 34

Brain stem - Medulla (medullary rhythmicity area)

Answer 34

adjusts basic rhythm and breathing patters

Question 35

Brain stem - Medulla (Olivary bodies)

Answer 35

relays motor impulses to cerebellum

Question 36

Brain stem: Pons

Answer 36

Links brain to your spinal cord (very important) and handles all your unconscious movements and processes

Question 37

Spinal Cord

Answer 37

- aids in homeostasis - interprets info through spinal reflexes

Question 38

Spinal Cord tracts

Answer 38

- named for their position and origin-destination!!!

Question 39

Spinal Cord tracts: (Ascending (sensory) )

Answer 39

- spinothalamic tract: pain , warmth, coolness, itching, tickling, deep pressure

Question 40

Spinal Cord tracts: (Descending (motor) )

Answer 40

- direct pathways: cerebral cortex voluntary movement skeletal muscles - indirect pathways - brain stem autonomic movements of skeletal muscles