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Bio 1 > Ch.12 (Mitosis) > Flashcards

Ch.12 (Mitosis) Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Function [mitosis] (3)

A

asexual production in eukaryotic unicellular organisms (and some multicellular)
growth and development of multicellular
tissue renewal/repair of multicellular

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2
Q

Are identical cell daughters produced in all cases: asexual production, growth and development, tissue renewal/repair?

A

yes

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3
Q

What does each identical daughter cell receive in mitosis? (2)

A

identical set of chromosomes
cytoplasm

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4
Q

Is the number of chromosomes constant from one generation to the next?

A

yes

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5
Q

3 events mitosis

A
  1. DNA is replicated/copied and condensed
  2. nuclear division (chromosomes divided)
  3. cytoplasmic divison (cytokinesis)
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6
Q

What does the chromosome look like after DNA replication?

A

Two sister chromatins attached at centromere

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7
Q

Which phase takes longest in the cell cycle?

A

G1

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8
Q

What are phases like G1, G2?

A

checkpoints

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9
Q

Name cell cycle phases (4)

A

G0, G1, S (DNA synthesis), G2

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10
Q

G0

A

quiescence: cells do not grow or divide, most cells are in this phase

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11
Q

G1 - Gap Phase 1 (5)

A

cells grow in size and metabolize
organelle duplication (prep for S)
genes are transcribed
proteins are made for S phase
G1 checkpoint

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12
Q

What does the G1 checkpoint do?

A

Monitor cell size, makes sure that cells have reached critical size and that nutrients are adequate to go to S.

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13
Q

S: synthesis (2)

A

DNA synthesis: DNA polymerase for duplication of chromosomes
duplication of centrosomes or MTCOs in plants

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14
Q

In humans, how many duplicated chromosomes and chromatids would there be in S?

A

46 chromosomes
92 chromatids

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15
Q

G2 - Gap Phase 2 (3)

A

cells produce more protein
critical surface/volume ration reached
prep for M phase

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16
Q

What phases form INTERPHASE?

A

G1, S, G2

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17
Q

In interphase, what is visible and not visible?

A

Nucleus visible
Individual chromosomes not visible

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18
Q

M Phase : Mitotic Phase (3)

A

short
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

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19
Q

Longest phase:

A

Interphase

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20
Q

In what phase of the cell cycle are chromosomes visible and separating?

A

M Phase

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21
Q

What division occurs in mitosis?

A

Nuclear division or separation of sister chromatids

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22
Q

What division occurs in cytokinesis?

A

cytoplasmic division or physical separation of cell into 2

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23
Q

Sub-phases of M in order (5)

A

Prophase
Prometaphase (do not need to distinguish from Prophase)
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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24
Q

Prophase (3)

A

chromosomes condense into X structure
nucleolus disappears
spindle of microtubules form

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25
In prophase, are chromosomes in the non-diving cell fully condensed and visible?
No.
26
Prometaphase (3)
nuclear envelope disappears centrosomes at opposite poles mitotic spindle completes
27
Metaphase
chromosomes align at the metaphase plate (equator)
28
What is the metaphase plate otherwise known as?
Equator
29
Anaphase (3)
sister chromatids separate to opposite poles polar MTs overlap reduces (spindle elongates) kinetochore MTs become shorter
30
Telophase (5)
nuclear envelope reforms (two nuclei appear) chromosomes de-condense spindle disappears nucleolus appears cytokinesis occurs
31
What disappears in telophase?
Spindle
32
What appears in telophase? (2)
Nuclear envelope (two nuclei) Nucleolus
33
Cytokinesis - Animal
Cleavage Furrow
34
Cytokinesis - Plant
Cell Plate
35
Cleavage Furrow
pinching of cell membrane by contraction of actomyosin ring (microfilaments)
36
Cell Plate
created by vesicles originating from Golgi that align and fuse at the EQUATOR. large vesicle fuses with PM.
37
Cell division in bacteria (prokaryotes) is called?
Binary fission
38
Is mitosis the same as binary fission?
No
39
Binary Fission (3)
single circular chromosome of bacteria is replicated at origin of replication origins (2) seperate at ends of dividing bacterium presence of cell wall
40
What happens to the bacterium during replication?
It elongates.
41
Is DNA replication synchronized with physical separation in bacterium?
No
42
What happens in rapidly dividing bacteria cells?
The next round of DNA replication begins before the previous cell separation is incomplete.
43
Checkpoints - what are they for?
Makes sure nothing goes wrong, checks for mutation, alignment, etc.
44
Checkpoints that monitor progression (3)
1. G1 2. G2 3. M checkpoint (alignment)
45
Example of conditions that G1 checkpoint is involved in (3)
Anchorage dependence Density dependent inhibition DNA damage
46
What happens when DNA is damaged beyond repair?
Apoptosis
47
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death
48
What is the anchorage dependence condition?
Cells only divide if they are attached to surface.
49
What is the density dependent inhibition condition?
Cells stop dividing once the entire surface is covered (1 layer).
50
Apoptosis process (3 steps)
1. DNA fragmentation: chromatin condenses and nucleus fragments 2. Cellular fragmentation: apoptotic bodies form (cell blebs) 3. Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies by macrophages (white blood cells)
51
What is the DNA damage condition?
Cells stop dividing to repair damage.
52
What kickstarts apoptosis?
Signal (internal or external) that triggers mitochondria to activate series of caspases.
53
Caspases
Proteins that act as proteases and initiate apoptotic reponse
54
Proteases (2)
cells that do not lyse enzyme that breaks down proteins
55
Nuclease
enzyme that breaks down nucleic acids occurs in DNA fragmentation step of apoptosis
56
What is an example of an external signal for cell death?
Death from neighbouring cells
57
Difference between necrosis and apoptosis? (3)
1) - Necrosis: accidental - Apoptosis: programmed 2) - Necrosis: cell lysis (explosion) - Apoptosis: cell fragmentation + phagocytosis 3) - Necrosis: inflammation triggered - Apoptosis: inflammation is minimal
58
What is an example of internal signals for cell death? (2)
DNA damage protein misfolding in ER
59
What happens when the G1 fails to work?
Cells may divide under not optimal conditions --> result in transformation of cells to form CANCER CELLS
60
Difference between normal cells and cancer cells
Density dependent inhibition - normal cells have it, but cancer cells continue to divide and don't stop
61
How many chromosomes and chromatids in G1, the mother cell?
2 chromosomes 0 chromatids
62
How many chromosomes and chromatids in Prophase?
2 chromosomes 4 chromatids
63
How many chromosomes and chromatids in Metaphase?
2 chromsomes 4 chromatids
64
How many chromosomes and chromatids in Anaphase?
4 chromosomes 0 chromatids
65
How many chromosomes and chromatids in Telophase, per daughter cell?
2 chromsomes 0 chromatids
66
In humans, how many chromosomes and chromatids in G1, the mother cell?
46 chromosomes 0 chromatids
67
In humans, how many chromosomes and chromatids in Prophase?
46 chromosomes 92 chromatids
68
In humans, how many chromosomes and chromatids in metaphase?
46 chromosomes 92 chromatids
69
In humans, how many chromosomes and chromatids in anaphase?
92 chromosomes 0 chromatids
70
In humans, how many chromosomes and chromatids in telophase?
46 chromosomes 0 chromatids

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