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Bio 1 > Ch.5 (Macromolecules) > Flashcards

Ch.5 (Macromolecules) Flashcards

1
Q

Organic compounds - consist of?

A

H, hydrogen covalently bonded to C, carbon atoms that form linear or ring backbones

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2
Q

Common elements linked to carbon backbone of organic carbon compounds (4)

A

O, N, P, S

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3
Q

Is CO2 organic?

A

No. Inorganic.

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4
Q

What do functional groups attached to carbon backbone do?

A

Impart diverse properties to organic compounds that are characteristics of life.

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5
Q

What can ONLY living cells assemble? [largest compound]

A

Macromolecules

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6
Q

Macromolecules (4)

A

Complex carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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7
Q

Metabolism (3)

A

Sum of total chemical reactions that occur in the cell and in the organism
Describes the transformation of substances into energy or materials that the cell can use or store
Anabolism, Catabolism

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8
Q

Anabolism (2)

A

Synthesis reactions
Water is RELEASED [dehydration synthesis, cells link monomers]

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9
Q

Catabolism (2)

A

Breakdown reactions
Water is used as a REACTANT [Hydrolysis, macromolecules are broken down]

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10
Q

What kind of metabolic reaction is cellular respiration?

A

Catabolic, but does not involve hydrolysis

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11
Q

Carbohydrates (3)

A

Monosaccharides, sugars [ex. Glucose, fructose]
Disaccharides [ex. Sucrose, lactose, maltose]
Complex carbohydrates- polymers

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12
Q

Complex carbohydrates

A

Polymers. Made of multiple monomers by dehydration synthesis.

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13
Q

Functions of complex carbohydrates (2)

A

Energy and chemical storage, structural role

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14
Q

Energy Storage - complex carbohydrates

A

Alpha-glucose [ex. Animal - glycogen; plant - starch]

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15
Q

Structural Role - carbohydrates

A

Beta-glucose [ex. Cellulose - plant ; chitin - fungi]

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16
Q

Alpha Glucose ring

A

H on top, OH on bottom (both)

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17
Q

Beta Glucose ring

A

One of them has an OH on top and a H on bottom

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18
Q

Can cellulose be broken down by humans?

A

No

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19
Q

Lipids (2)

A

Not true polymers but considered macromolecules for their size.
Heterogenous group of macromolecules - HYDROPHOBIC

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20
Q

Monomers of Lipids (2)

A

Fatty acids
Glycerol

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21
Q

Energy Storage - Lipids

A

Triglycerides- Triacyglycerides [ animal - fats ; oils - plants]

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22
Q

Structural - Lipids

A

Phospholipids in cell membrane - Bilayer

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23
Q

Bilayer

A

Phospholipid in cell membrane

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24
Q

Property of Bilayer

A

Amphipatic - two parts
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail

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25
Multiple functions - Lipid
Cholesterol
26
Regulatory - Lipid
Hormones
27
Fat molecule - triacylglycerol - how many fatty acid chains (tails)?
3
28
Saturated Fat (4)
No double carbon bonds Straight (linear) Solid Mostly animal fats
29
Unsaturated Fat (4)
Double carbon bonds More liquid Kinks / bent Mostly oils (plant)
30
What are polypeptides? (2 things)
Amino-acids Proteins
31
Monomer of protein
Amino-acids (aa)
32
How many aa?
20
33
Peptide bond
bond between aa
34
Why is the number of proteins infinite ? (3)
Number of aa Composition of aa Sequence aa
35
What do different sequences of different proteins differ in?
Functions
36
How many structures for proteins?
4
37
Name structures (4)
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
38
Primary Structure
aa sequence from N(amino) to C (carboxyl) terminus ; peptide bond
39
Secondary Structure
Alpha-helice, beta-strand ; held together by H bonds between CO and NH of backbone
40
Tertiary Structure
3D Held by interactions between R group of aa including SS bonds Most stable
41
Quaternary Structure
Complex of 2 or more polypeptides ; held by interactions between R groups of aa
42
Which structure does the protein become functional?
Tertiary
43
What does protein function depend on?
Shape
44
What does protein shape depend on?
Aa sequence
45
Enzymes (2)
Any word ending in -ase Increases rate of reactions [ex. Cellulose, lipase]
46
Functions of protein (8)
Enzyme, structural, storage, transport, hormone, receptor, contractile and motile, defensive
47
What is the role of proteins in structure?
Strengths and supports tissues and cells [ex. Collagen, keratin]
48
Function protein - Storage
Nourishes embryo
49
Function protein - Transport (2)
Transports across membranes of all cells Transports gases and minerals in blood [ex, hemoglobin]
50
Function protein - Hormones
Homeostasis [ex. Insulin]
51
Function protein - Receptors
Sense and translate environmental signals - synapse
52
Function protein - Contractile and motile
Muscle contraction and cell movement [ex.actin, myosin]
53
Function protein - Defensive
Fights diseases, antibodies, immunoglobulins
54
Nucleic Acids - what are they?
Important informational macromolecules
55
Monomers of nucleic acid
Nucleotides
56
Bond between nucleotides
Phosphodiester
57
Forms of nucleic acids (2)
DNA RNA
58
DNA (in words)
Deoxyribonucleic acid
59
RNA (in words)
Ribonucleic acid
60
DNA role
Stores genetic information
61
RNA role
Protein synthesis
62
DNA structure (3) : (strand, direction, sugar)
Double stranded (ds) Anti parallel and complementary Pentose sugar: deoxyribose
63
RNA structure (2), (strand, sugar)
Single stranded (ss) Pentose sugar: ribose
64
DNA monomer
Deoxyribonucleotides
65
RNA monomer
Ribonucleotides
66
DNA base
G, A, T, C
67
RNA base
G, A, U, C *U replaces T
68
Where in the cell is DNA located?
Nucleus
69
Where in the cell is RNA located?
Cytoplasm
70
Pyrimidines
Nitrogenous bases that have a single ring: C, T, U
71
Purines
Nitrogenous bases that have double rings: A, G
72
Which of the sugars are missing an O, DNA’s or RNA’s?
DNA
73
DNA Pairing (2)
A - T G - C
74
Names of the ends DNA (2)
5 prime end 3 prime end
75
ATP Hydrolysis (3)
Catabolic Spontaneous reaction associated with the release of Gibbs free energy for cellular work involves the breaking down of a phosphate bond
76
Cellular work includes: (3)
Chemical, mechanical, transport
76
Chemical Work [ATP]
Anabolic reactions
77
Mechanical Work [ATP]
Cellular movement, muscle fibre contraction
78
Transport [ATP]
Molecular transport across cell membrane
79
What does ATP become after one phosphate breakdown? And after two?
ADP AMP
80
ATP synthesis (2)
ADP + Phosphate Requires energy

Bio 1 (7 decks)

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