Ch.12 Study Guide Flashcards
(29 cards)
How did doctor’s understanding of the causes of mental disorders change when they learned
that paralytic dementia (and its associated psychological problems) was not caused by “weak
character” but was in fact caused by syphilis?
Postmortem analyses of the brains of patients with paralytic dementia revealed that their illness had a physiological causes(syphilis) , so with antibiotics to sure syphilis, paralytic dementia has virtually disappeared. This finding opened the door to biological explanations for other mental illnesses.
Is schizophrenia caused by a dominant gene, recessive gene, or multiple genes?
Multiple genes
Schizophrenia
Positive Symptoms: refers to symptoms that are present, but should not be; abnormal behavioral states that have been __________.
Example:
- Hallucinations
-____________________
- Disorganized thought and speech
- Bizarre behaviors
gained, delusions
Schizophrenia
Negative Symptoms: refers to characteristics of the individual that are _______, but should be present; abnormalities resulting from the loss of normal functions
Example:
- ______ of emotional expression - Reduced facial expression (flat affect)
- Inability to experience pleasure in everyday activities (anhedonia)
absent, lack
Concordance rate is the _________________ of twin pairs (or other close relatives) who both have or lack a particular trait.
percentage
The concordance rates for schizophrenia in Identical (MZ) twins is about _____ (some estimates are higher and lower)
50%
The concordance rates for schizophrenia in Fraternal (DZ) twins is about _____
17%
Adoption studies demonstrate the strong ____________ factor of schizophrenia.
genetic
What are some of the problems seen with the theory that reduced serotonin stimulation
causes depression?
- takes several weeks of SSRI treatment before people feel better. This paradox suggests that it is the brain’s response to increased synaptic serotonin that relieves the symptoms, and that this response takes time. So even though boosting serotonin helps some people, their depression may originally have been caused by other factors in the brain.
The DISC1 gene known to code for normally regulates trafficking of molecules within ____________
neurons
The hypofrontality hypothesis- the frontal lobes are _________________ in people with schizophrenia
underactive
Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia- that people with schizophrenia have an ________of either dopamine release or dopamine receptors
excess
Glutamate hypothesis is implicated- which suggests that schizophrenia results from an under activation of ____________ receptors, which might account for the reduced activity in frontal cortex
glutamate
Women diagnosed with depression twice as often as men because women seek treatment ______ often than men do
more
The antidepressant “Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors” works by- Inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which breaks down _____________, norepinephrine, and dopamine
serotonin
The antidepressant “Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)” works by blocking the reuptake of serotonin, having _______ effect on norepinephrine or dopamine synapses
little
The antidepressant “Tricyclics” works by Inhibiting the ____________ of norepinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine
reuptake
Benzodiazepines are ________ that are agonists
GABA
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)- type of psychotherapy aimed at correcting negative ___________ and improving interpersonal relationship
thinking
Electroconvulsive shock ___________ (ECT)- A last-resort treatment for unmanageable depression, in which a strong electrical current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure.
therapy
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)- A noninvasive treatment in which repeated pulses of focused magnetic ________ are used to stimulate the cortex through the scalp.
energy
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)- Mild electrical stimulation through an electrode that is surgically implanted deep in the _______.
brain
Cingulotomy- making lesions that interrupt pathways in the cingulate ________ (psychosurgery)
cortex
The major symptoms of bipolar disorder:
-characterized by periods of ________________ alternating with periods of excessively expansive mood (or mania) that includes sustained overactivity, talkativeness, strange grandiosity, and increased energy
depression
