Ch.10 Study Guide

Question 1

Circadian Rhythms- a pattern of behavioral, biochemical, or physiological fluctuation that has a _____-hour period

Answer 1

24

Question 2

Ultradian Rhythms- a rhythmic biological event with a period shorter than a _____, usually from several minutes to several hours long

Answer 2

day

Question 3

Infradian Rhythms- a rhythmic biological event with a period _________ than a day

Answer 3

longer

Question 4

Diurnal- active/happening during the _____ rather than at night

Answer 4

day

Question 5

Nocturnal- being active/happening at ________ rather than during the day

Answer 5

night

Question 6

Free-running- referring to a rhythm of ____________ shown by an animal deprived of external cues about time of day

Answer 6

behavior

Question 7

Zeitgeber- “______ Giver” (in German). The stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms.

Answer 7

Time

Question 8

Suprachiasmatic nucleus- A _______ region of the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm that is the location of a circadian clock

Answer 8

small

Question 9

Night terror- a sudden arousal from stage ___ sleep that is marked by intense fear and autonomic activation

Answer 9

3

Question 10

Nightmare- a _______, frightening dream that awakens the sleeper from REM sleep.

Answer 10

long

Question 11

Hypocretin- a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus that is involved in switching between _______ states, in narcolepsy, and in the control of appetite.

Answer 11

sleep

Question 12

Isolated forebrain- an experimental preparation in which an animal’s nervous ___________ has been cut in the upper midbrain, diving the forebrain from the brainstem

Answer 12

system

Question 13

Isolated forebrain can lead to various disruption in different function such as ________ - wake cycle, awareness and higher level cognitive processes

Answer 13

sleep

Question 14

Isolated brain- A preparation where the entire _______ is isolated from the body by an incision between the medulla and the spinal cord

Answer 14

brain

Question 15

Phase Shift- a shift in the activity of a _________________ rhythm, typically provided by a synchronizing environmental stimulus, such as light

Answer 15

biological

Question 16

Stage 1 of Sleep-
- Waves 8-12 Hz
- Start of non-REM sleep
- ____________ of heart rate
- Relaxation of muscles
- Last usually several minutes

Answer 16

Slowing

Question 17

Stage 2 of Sleep-
- Waves 12-14 Hz
- __________ Spindles- occurs in periodic bursts & by K complexes

Answer 17

Sleep

Question 18

Stage 3 of Sleep-
(Slow Waves Sleep- SWS)
- Appearance of large-amplitude, very slow waves called _________ waves

Answer 18

delta

Question 19

REM Sleep-
(Rapid Eye Movements)
- EEG displays a pattern of small-amplitude, high frequency activity similar in many ways to the pattern of an awake individual
- muscles __________ the eyes
- other skeletal muscles are relaxed and show a complete absence of muscle tone (called atonia)

Answer 19

moving

Question 20

Despite deep muscle relaxation, the EEG activity in REM sleep resembles that of ______________

Answer 20

waking

Question 21

In humans sleep patterns change as we age by a ________ of the amount of sleep and increase in the number of awakening

Answer 21

decline

Question 22

The most common effects seen in prolonged sleep deprivation (of about 205 hours) is-
- ____________ in irritability, difficulty in concentrating and episodes of disorientation
- Compromising the immune system and can lead to death

Answer 22

Increase

Question 23

4 Possible Functions of Sleep:
- A ____________ system that generates SWS
- A brainstem system that activates the sleeping forebrain into wakefulness
- A pontine system that ___________ REM sleep
- A hypothalamic system that coordinates the other ___ regions to determine which state we’re in

Answer 23

forebrain, triggers, 3

Question 24

Narcolepsy is a disorder that involves frequent, intense episodes of sleep, which last from 5 to ____ mins and can occur anytime during the usual waking hours

Answer 24

30

Question 25

Cataplexy is a _________ loss of muscle tone, leading to collapse of the body without loss of consciousness

Answer 25

sudden

Question 26

Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder in which respiration slows or stops periodically, _________ the sleeper

Answer 26

waking

Question 27

SIDS (crib death) is the sudden, unexpected __________ of an apparently healthy human infant who simply stops breathing, usually during sleep

Answer 27

death

Question 28

Enuresis (bedwetting)- the involuntary release of urine, especially during ________

Answer 28

sleep

Question 29

REM Behavior Disorder’s symptoms- - organized behavior such as __________ an imaginary foe, eating a meal or acting like a wild animal by a person who appears to be sleeping

Answer 29

fighting

Question 30

REM Behavior Disorder’s usually begins after the age 50 and more ____________ in men

Answer 30

common

Question 31

Sleep paralysis is the temporary inability to move or talk either just before dropping off to sleep or more often just after ____________. (In this state, people may experience sudden sensory hallucinations including the belief that something is crushing their chest). Doesn't last more than a few minutes, so best to relax and nto panic

Answer 31

waking

Question 32

Sleep paralysis may be caused by the result when the pontine center continues to impose paralysis for a short while after a person awakes from a ______ episode

Answer 32

REM

Question 33

Memory consolidation occurs during Stage ___ of sleep (SWS)

Answer 33

3

Question 34

Genetically normal mice can be made narcoleptic when injected with a toxin that kills neurons with ____________________ receptors (Pg 340)

Answer 34

Orexin

Question 35

Electrical stimulation of the ________________________ will result in immediate wakefulness

Answer 35

reticular formation (reticular activating system of the brainstem)

Question 36

Which area of the brain is responsible for REM sleep?

Answer 36

Pons (has a REM sleep center near the locus coeruleus)