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Biology > Ch.16-17 Test > Flashcards

Ch.16-17 Test Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Who was Charles Darwin?

A

Scientist who fathered evolution. Developed a scientific theory of biological evolution that explains how modern organisms evolved over long periods of time

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2
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

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3
Q

Describe Darwin’s voyage.

A

Sailed on the HMS Beagle for 5 years and mapped the coastline of South America. Observed characteristics and habitats of different species

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4
Q

What are 3 distinctive patterns Darwin notices?

A

Species vary globally
Species vary locally
Species vary over time

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5
Q

Give an example of how species vary globally

A

Rheas and ostriches are very similar yet rheas are from South America and ostriches are from Australia

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6
Q

Give an example of how species vary locally

A

There are 2 different species of rheas living in South America. One lives in grasslands and one lived in harsh scrub land

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7
Q

What did Darwin look at to show that species were changing over time?

A

Fossils

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8
Q

Describe what James Hutton researched

A

Researched the connections between a number of geological process and geological features

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9
Q

Describe what Charles Lyell researched

A

uniformitarianism

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10
Q

What is “deep time”?

A

Concept of geologic time by Hutton; the multimillion year time frame within which scientists believe earth has existed

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11
Q

What is uniformitarianism?

A

idea that the geological processes we see in action today must be the same one that shaped Earth millions of years ago

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12
Q

What could have caused Darwin to find marine fossils thousands of feet in the mountains?

A

Formation of a mountain, dropping of sea level

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13
Q

Who was Lamarck?

A

French naturalist

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14
Q

What did Lamarck believe?

A

Believed that organisms could change during their lifetimes by selectively using or not using various parts of their bodies

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15
Q

Who was Thomas Malthus?

A

English economist

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16
Q

What did Malthus believe?

A

Humans were being born faster than people were dying, causing overcrowding

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17
Q

What did Malthus say acted to help reduce population number?

A

war, famine, and disease

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18
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

When nature provided the variation and humans select those they find useful

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19
Q

Why did it take Darwin so long to publish “On the Origin of Species?”

A

His ideas were radical and he wanted as much proof as possible before making them public

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20
Q

What is an adaptation?

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A

Any heritable characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment

21
Q

Describe some structural adaptations.

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A

Tiger’s claws, colors that make camouflage or mimicry

22
Q

Describe some behavioral adaptations.

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A

The way a plant carried out photosynthesis

23
Q

Describe an organism that has a high level of fitness for its environment

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A

A chameleon can blend into its environment hiding from prey and live to reproduce and pass on the camouflage trait

24
Q

What is natural selection?

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A

Process by which organisms with variations most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring with the same variations

25
What types of traits does natural selection act on?
inherited traits
26
How could a species become extinct?
If environmental conditions change faster than a species can adapt to those changes
27
What is the principle of common decent?
All species-living and extinct-are descended from ancient common ancestors
28
What is decent with modification?
Living things are descended with modification from common ancestors
29
What is biogeography?
The study of where organisms live now and where they and their ancestors lived in the past
30
What are the 2 biogeographic patters that are significant to Darwin's theory?
divergent and convergent evolution
31
About how old is Earth?
4.5 billion years old
32
What are the things that Darwin pointed to as evidence for evolution?
fossil record, anatomy, embryology, genetics/molecular biology
33
What is a homologous structure?
structures that are similar in different species of common ancestry
34
Give an example of 2 homologous structures.
human arms and dog legs
35
What is an analogous structure?
Body parts that share a common function, but not structure
36
Give an example of 2 analogous structures.
Butterfly wings and bird wings
37
What are vestigial structures?
structure that is inherited from ancestors but has lost much or all of its original function
38
Give an example of a vestigial structure in a human
Appendix
39
What is embryology?
Branch of biology that studies the development of gametes, fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses
40
How did Darwin say that embryology showed proof of evolution?
Early developmental stages of animals with backbones look very similar
41
How does the genetic code relate to Darwin's theories on evolution?
All living cells use info coded in DNA and RNA to carry info from one generation to the next and to direct protein synthesis. The more closely related 2 organisms are , the more closely related their DNA, RNA, and proteins
42
any change in the relative frequency of alleles in the gene pool of a population over time
evolution
43
Natural selection acts directly on ____
phenotype
44
a group of individuals of the same species that mate and produce offspring
population
45
consist of all the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene that are present in a population
gene pool
46
2 sources of genetic variation
``` mutation genetic recombination (Crossing over) ```
47
Natural selection on _______ can lead to changes in allele frequency and thus to changes in the phenotype frequencies
single-gene traits
48
Natural selection on polygenic traits can affect the distribution of phenotypes in three ways:
1. Directional selection 2. Stabilizing selection 3. Disruptive selection

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