ch18

Question 1

catabolism

Answer 1

breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. Energy is generally released

Question 2

anabolism

Answer 2

synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones. Energy is generally absorbed during anabolism

Question 3

enzymes in the small intestines that are involved with protein digestion

Answer 3

trypsin and chymotrypsin

Question 4

Triacyclgercols are hydrolyzed to glycerols and fatty acids by ____ in the _____

Answer 4

lipases in the small intestines

Question 5

amylase

Answer 5

enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of carbohydrates to monosaccharides

Question 6

protease pepsin

Answer 6

begins to hydrolyze proteins to amino acids in the stomach

Question 7

Stage 1 of Catabolism

Answer 7

Digestion
Hydrolysis of large molecules to small molecules.
Molecules then enter its own metabolic pathway to be further broken down.

Question 8

During catabolism, the amino group (NH2) of a protein is converted into ____

Answer 8

Urea, [NH2)2C=O]

Question 9

During stage two: monosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids are ________

Answer 9

degraded into acetyl groups (CH3CO-), two carbon units bonded to Coenzyme A.
Forms Acetyl CoA

Question 10

Stage 3 of catabolism

Answer 10

Citric Acid Cycle (mitochondria). The acetyl groups of acetyl CoA are oxides to carbon dioxide. Energy is stored in the bonds of a nucleoside triphosphate and reduced coenzymes.

Question 11

Stage 4 of catabolism: _______ and _____, produce ____

Answer 11

electron transport chain an oxidative phosphorylation produce ATP.

Question 12

oxygen combines with ___ and ____ to form water.

Answer 12

hydrogen ions and electrons from reduced coenzymes

Question 13

ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate formed by….

Answer 13

adding three phosphates to the 5’-OH groups of adenosine, a nucleoside composed of the sugar ribose and base adenine.

Question 14

Hydrolysis of ATP cleaves….

Answer 14

one phosphate group, forming ADP and hydrogen phosphate (Pi).
Releases 7.4 kcal/mol of energy.

Question 15

energy change for the phosphorylation of ADP is…

Answer 15

+7.3 Kcal/mol

energy is absorbed

Question 16

Oxidizing agent

Answer 16

causes an oxidation reaction to occur,

oxidizing agent is reduced

Question 17

Reducing Agent

Answer 17

causes a reduction reaction to occur,

reducing agent it oxidized.

Question 18

when a coenzyme gains hydrogen atoms….

Answer 18

the coenzyme is reduced

Oxidizing agent

Question 19

when a coenzyme loses hydrogen atoms…

Answer 19

the coenzyme is oxidized

Reducing agent

Question 20

NAD+ reacts with two hydrogen atoms and….

Answer 20

gains one proton and two electrons, with one proton leftover.

Question 21

NAD+ is reduced or oxidized?

Answer 21

reduced to form a new C-H bod in the product (NADH)

Question 22

NAD+ serves as a(n) ____

Answer 22

oxidizing agent

Question 23

NADH serves as a(n)____

Answer 23

reducing agent

Question 24

FAD is synthesized in cells from___

Answer 24

B2 Riboflavin

Question 25

FAD -type of agent?

Answer 25

Oxidizing

Question 26

FADH2- type of agent?

Answer 26

Reducing

Question 27

Coenzyme A contents a ___ group

Answer 27

sulfhydryl group, making it a thiol (RSH)

Question 28

formation ot acetyl CoA?

Answer 28

the sulfhydryl group of coenzyme A reacts with acetyl groups to from thioesters. When the acetyl group is bonded to coenzyme A, it produces acetyl CoA.

Question 29

coenzyme A is synthesized from ____

Answer 29

pantothenic acid (B5)

Question 30

Net result of glycolysis

Answer 30

2 Molecules of ATP ( 2ATP in step 1 and 3, four ATP in step 7 and 10). 2 Molecules of NADH (step 6) 2 Molecules of Pyruvate

Question 31

Glycolysis begins with _____ of ATP to form glucose _____, using the enzyme

Answer 31

phosphorylation of ATP to form glucose 6-phosphate, enzyme hexokinase.

Question 32

[Glycolysis] After the formation of glucose 6-phosphate, ______ occurs, converting it into ____6-phosphate (enzyme?)

Answer 32

isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate Enzyme: phosphohexose isomerase

Question 33

[Glycolysis] ____ of fructose 6-phosphate yields fructose ____

Answer 33

Phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate yields fructose 1,6-biphosphate.

Question 34

[Glycolysis] ____of fructose 1,6 phosphate into ____ and ____

Answer 34

Cleavage into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

Question 35

[Glycolysis] Dihydroxyacetone must be....

Answer 35

converted into glyceraldehyde by triose phosphate isomerase

Question 36

end product of glycolysis

Answer 36

pyruvate

Question 37

pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA under...

Answer 37

Aerobic Conditions. Oxidation of pyruvate by NAD+ w Coenzyme A. O2 needed to oxidize NADH back to NAD+.

Question 38

Pyruvate is converted to lactate under...

Answer 38

Anaerobic Conditions. | Not enough O2 to re-oxidize NADH, cells get O2 by conversion to lactate.

Question 39

Fermentation

Answer 39

glucose to ethanol and CO2

Question 40

Role of NADH in conversion of pyruvate to lactate?

Answer 40

NADH is the reducing agent