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CBD_PSY > ch2 - neuroscience and behavior > Flashcards

ch2 - neuroscience and behavior Flashcards

1
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell

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2
Q

dendrite

A

the part of the neuron that receives messages from other neurons

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3
Q

axon

A

carries and receives messages received by the dendrites to other neurons

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4
Q

terminal button

A

the end of an axon - sends messages to other neurons

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5
Q

impulse

A

electrical message that moves across the neuron in one direction. From dendrite to cell body to axon to adjacent neurons

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6
Q

myelin sheath

A

a protective coating of fat and protein that wraps around the axon

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7
Q

all or none law

A

neurons only fire either on or off. no in between state

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8
Q

resting state

A

neuron before it is triggered, negative electrical charge of about 70millivolts

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9
Q

action potential

A

electrical impuls when the neuron becomes positively charged and reaches critical level

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10
Q

mirror neurons

A

neurons that fire not only a person enacts a particular behavior, but also when they observe another person carrying out the same behavior

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11
Q

synapse

A

the space between two neurons where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with the dendrites of another receiving neuron

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12
Q

neurotransmittor

A

chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to a dendrite.

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13
Q

excitatory mesasges

A

chemical messages that make it more likely that a receiving neuron will fire and action potential will travel down its axon

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14
Q

inhibitory message

A

provide chemical information that prevents or decreases the likelihood that the receiving neuron will fire.

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15
Q

reuptake

A

reabsorption / chemical recycling of chemicals produced by constant excitatory and inhibitory messages

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16
Q

Dopamine pathways

A

acetylcholine
gluatamate
gamma aminobutyric acid

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17
Q

serotonin pathways

A

dopamine
serotonin
endorphins

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18
Q

explain the structure of a neuron

A

a neuron has a cell body, which contains a nucleus, with a cluster of fibers called dendrites which recieve messages from other neurons. on the opposite end of the cell body is a tubelike extension called an axon which ends in a small bulge called a terminal button which sends messages

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19
Q

how do neurons fire

A

they release an action potential, an electircal charge that travels through the axon. Neurons operat all or none law.

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20
Q

describe how messages travel from neuron to neuron

A

Neuron fires, nerve impulses are carried to other neurons via chemical substances called neurotransmitters, that bridge the gaps (synapses) between neurons

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21
Q

acetylcholine

A

transmits messages relating to our muscles and is involved in memory capabilities

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22
Q

glutamate

A

plays a role in memory

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23
Q

gamma aminobutyric acid

A

moderates behaviors from eating to aggression

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24
Q

dopamine

A

involved in movement attention and learning

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25
serotonin
regulation of sleep, eating, mood, pain, and
26
endorphins
pain suppresion, pleasurable feelings, appetite, placebos
27
central nervous system
composed of the brain and spinal cord
28
peripheral nervous system
made up of long axons and dendrites, contains all parts of the nervous system other than the brain and spinal cord
29
three kind of neurons involved in reflexes
sensory motor interneurons
30
sensory (afferent) neurons
transmit information from the perimeter of the body to the central nervous system
31
motor (efferent) neurons
communicate information from the nervous system to the muscles and glands
32
interneurons
connect sensory and motor neurons carrying messages between the two
33
two major divisions of the peripheral nervous system
somatic and autonomic divisions
34
somatic division
the peripheral nervous system specializes in the control of voluntary movements, and communicates information to and from the sense organs
35
autonomic division
controls the parts of the body that keep us alive, the heart, blood vessels, glands, lungs, and other organs that function involuntarily
36
divisions of the autnomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
37
sympathetic division
acts to prepare the body for action in stressful situations engaging all the organisms resources to run away or confront the threat. -fight or flight response
38
parasympathetic division
acts to calm the body after the emergency has ended
39
behavioral genetics
studies the effects of heredity on behavior cognitive abilities, personality traits, sexual orientation, and psychological disorders are determined to some extent by genetic factors`
40
gene therapy
scientists inject genes meant to cure a particular disease into a pations bloodstream triggering defective genes to produce chemicals to treat the disease
40
genetic counseling / counselors
help people with issues related to inherited disorders. ie risks in future pregancy, birth defects, hereditary illness
41
endocrine system
chemical communication network that sends messages throughout the body via the bloodstream. Its job is to secretes hormones
42
hormones
chemicals that circulate through the blood and regulate the functioning or growth of the body. Also influences and can be influenced by the nervous system
43
how fast do neural messages travel
thousands of a second
44
how fast does hormonal communication happen
may take minutes to reach destinatin
45
pituitary gland
controls the functioning of the rest of the endocrine system - secretes hormons that control growth
46
how are the structures of the nervous system linked together
composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system which is made up of the somatic (voluntary movement) and autonomic (involuntary functions). autonomic is comprised of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
47
describe how the endocrine system works
it secrets hormones that regulate the functioning of the body via bloodstream. The pituitary gland secrets growth and influences the release of hormones by other endocrine glands, and is regulated by the hypothalamus
48
electroencephalogram EEG
records electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on the skull - produces a graph of electrical wave patterns
49
Positron emission tomography PET
shows biochemical activity within the brain at the given moment, can determine the more active regions. used in cases of memory problems or finding brain tumors
50
functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI
detailed three dimensional computer generated image of brain structures with magnetic fields
51
transcranial magnetic stimulation TMS
uses magnetic fields to produce an understanding of the functioning brain. causes momentary interruption of electrical activity. Can potentially treat psychological disorders such as depression or schizophrenia
52
central core
the old brain, directs our basic functions
53
hindbrain
contains the medulla, pons and cerbellum
54
medulla
controls critical body functions - breathing and hearbeat
55
pons
joins the two halves of the cerebellum - involved in sleep and arousal
56
cerebellum
controls bodily balance - also several intellectual functions ranging from analysis, coordination of sensory information, to problem solving
57
reticular formation
nerve network in the brain produces general arousal of our body. Can prompt heightened state of awareness, can also regulate our sleep wake cycle by filtering out background stimuli
58
thalmus
relay station for information about the senses - messages from eyes ears and skin travel to thalmus to be communicated upward to higher parts of the brain
59
hypothalmus
major function is to maintain homestasis, provides constant body temperature and monitors the amount of nutriets store in the cells produces and regulates behavior that is critical to to survival of the species, eating, self protection and sex.
60
limbic system
amygdala and hippocampus - controls basic functions relating to emotions and self preservation, learning, memory and pleasure
61
cerebral cortex
new brain - higher thought functions
62
frontal lobe
motor area
63
parietal lobe
sensory area - touch
64
temporal lobe
auditory area
65
occipital lobe
visual area
66
neuroplasticity
the brains ability to change and reorganize itself
67
hemispheres
left and right halves of the brain - control motion and receive sensation from their opposite location
68
lateralization
certain behaviors are more likely to reflect activity in one hemisphere than in the other
69
left hemisphere
language processing and verbal competence, speaking reding thinking and reasoning
70
right hemisphere
spatial relationships, recognition of patters, and drawings music and emotional expression
71
association area
site of higher mental processes such as thinkinglanguage memory and speech

CBD_PSY (5 decks)

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