CH3

Question 1

______ refers to the way of life shared by a group of people- the knowledge, beliefs, values, rules or laws, language, customs, symbols, and material products within a society that help meet human needs.

Answer 1

Culture

Question 2

_____ is an organized and interdependent group of individuals who live together in a specific geographic area who interact more with each other than they do with outsiders and who cooperate for the attainment of common goals.

Answer 2

Society

Question 3

Premodern societies are held together by _______ ______, or cohesion and integration based on the similarity of individuals in the group, including beliefs, values, and emotional ties between members of the group.

Answer 3

Mechanical Solidarity

Question 4

Postmodern societies are held together by organic solidarity which is the cohesion and integration based on differences of individuals in the group so that they are interdependent. The society has a large and specialized division of labor.

Answer 4

Organic Solidarity

Question 5

_____-_____ ______ are societies in which people rely on vegetation and animals ocuring naturally in their habitat.

Answer 5

Hunter-gatherer societies

Question 6

_____ ____ have food-producing strategies based on domestication of anmals, whose care is the central focus of their activities.

Answer 6

Hearding Societies

Question 7

__________ are those in which the food-prducing strategy is based on domestication o plants.

Answer 7

Horticltural Societies

Question 8

________ _____rely on raising crops for food but make us of technological advances.

Answer 8

Agricultural Societies

Question 9

_______ _____ rely primarily on mechanized production for subsistence, resulting in greater division of labor based on expertise.

Answer 9

Industrial Societies

Question 10

________ ______ are those that have moved from human labor and manufacturing to automated production and service jobs.

Answer 10

Postindustrial Society

Question 11

_________ is the tendency to view one’s own group and its cultural expectations as right, proper and superior to others.

Answer 11

Ethnocentrism

Question 12

_______ ______ requires setting aside cultural and personal belies and prejudices to understand another group or society through the eyes of a member of that community using its own standards.

Answer 12

Cultural Relativism

Question 13

______ ________ includes all the object we can see or touch including the artifacts of a group of people.

Answer 13

Material Culture

Question 14

________ ____ includes our thoughts, language, feelings, beliefs, vales, and attitudes that make up much ofour cultre

Answer 14

Nonmaterial Culture

Question 15

_____ are shared judgmets about what is desirable or undesirable, right or wrong, good or bad.

Answer 15

Values

Question 16

______ are more specific ideas we hold about life, about the way society works, and about where we fit into the world.

Answer 16

Beliefs

Question 17

_______ ____ are practices, beliefs, and values that are regarded as most desirable in society and are consciously taught to children.

Answer 17

Ideal Culture

Question 18

_____ _____ are the ways things in a society are actually done.

Answer 18

Real Culture

Question 19

_____ are rules or behaviors share by members of a society and rooted in the value system.

Answer 19

Norms

Question 20

______ are norms that most members observe because they have great moral significance in society.

Answer 20

Mores

Question 21

______ are the strongest form of mores. They concern actions considered unthinkable or unspeakable in the culture.

Answer 21

Taboos

Question 22

___ are norms that have been formally encoded by those holding political power in society.

Answer 22

Laws

Question 23

_______ reinforce norms though rewards and penalties.

Answer 23

Sanctions

Question 24

______ ______ are rewards or punishments conferred by recognized officials to enforce the most important norms.

Answer 24

Formal Sanctions

Question 25

______ ____ are unofficial rewards or punishments such as smiles, frowns, or ignoring unacceptable behaviors.

Answer 25

Informal Sanctions

Question 26

_____ is the foundation of every culture. It conveys verbal and non-verbal messages among members of society.

Answer 26

Language

Question 27

The ______ _____ _____ posits that the people who speak a specific language make interpretations of their reality they notice certain thing and may fill to notice certain other things.

Answer 27

Linguistic Relativity Theory

Question 28

__________ are groups that affect only a small segment of one's life or influence a limited period of one's life.

Answer 28

Microcultures

Question 29

A _______ is the culture of a meso-level subcommunity that distinguishes itself from the dominant culture of the larger society.

Answer 29

Subculture

Question 30

A _________ is a group with expectations and values that contrast sharply with the dominant values of a particular society

Answer 30

Counterculture

Question 31

The ______ _____ is a population of people, usually living within a specified geographic area who are connected by common ideas, cooperate for the attainment of common goals and are subject to a particular political authority.

Answer 31

National Society

Question 32

A ______ _____ is common values and beliefs that tie citizens of a nation together.

Answer 32

National Culture

Question 33

_________ refers to the process by which the entire world is becoming a single sociocultural entity.

Answer 33

Globalization

Question 34

____ ___ includes behavioral standards, symbols, values, and material objects that have become common across the globe.

Answer 34

Global Culure

Question 35

The ______ _____ _ ________ is the process by which individuals and groups shape reality through social interactions.

Answer 35

Social Construction of Reality