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CH3- Neuroscience Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What are neurons?

A

cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks such as all thoughts, feelings, behaviors and produces an output

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2
Q

What are the components of the neuron?

A 
Cell body 
Dendrite
Axon
Myelin sheath
Terminal button
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3
Q

What is a cell body?

A

part of a neuron that coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive. Decides if it send an action potential

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4
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

the part of a neuron that receives information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body.

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5
Q

What is an axon?

A

the part of a neutron that carries information to other neurons, muscles, or glands. Carries the electric signal

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6
Q

What is a myelin sheath?

A

an insulating layer of fatty material. Allows the information to travel faster

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7
Q

What is a terminal button?

A

knob like structures that branch out from an axon.

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8
Q

What does a myeline axon do?

A

It makes the information travel faster

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9
Q

What is the synapse?

A

Point of communication between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron

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10
Q

What are the neurons specialized by a function?

A

Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons

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11
Q

What are sensory neurons?

Give ex

A

receive information from the external world; convey this information to the brain via the spinal cord(for some of them).

Ex: eye, nose, skin

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12
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement

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13
Q

What are interneurons?

A

connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons, located in the spinal cord.

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14
Q

Conduction communication between neurons

A

Movement of electrical signal writhing neurons

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15
Q

Transmission communication between neurons

A

Movement of signal from one neuron to another due to signaling across the synapse

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16
Q

What is electric signaling?

A

Conduction information within a neuron

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17
Q

What is a resting potential?

A

Difference in l’electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron’s cell membrane

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18
Q

What is an action potential?

A

Electric signal that is conducted along a neuron’s axon to a synapse

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19
Q

What is a chemical signaling?

A

The transmission of information between neurons through chemicals called neurotransmitters

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20
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron’s dendrites

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21
Q

What are receptors?

A

Parts of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitters and initiate or prevent a new electric signal

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22
Q

Does a presynaptic neuron do ?

A

It sends neurons

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23
Q

What does a post synaptic neuron do?

A

It receives neurotransmitters

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24
Q

What is the function of acetylcholine (ACH)

A

Involved in a number of functions: voluntary motor control (walking, dancing…)

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25
What is the function of dopamine (DA)
Important in anything that has to do with pleasure, major role in addiction
26
What is the function of glutamate?
Vacillate information to the next neuron
27
What is the function of GABA?
Prevent sending information to the next neuron
28
What is the function on norepinephrine?
Neurohormones: a neurotransmitter (in synapse) and a hormone (in blood)
29
What is the function of serotonin (5-HT)?
Mood stabilizer, creates feelings of well being. | People with depression have lower levels of serotonin
30
What is the function of endorphins?
Reduces feelings of pain and stress (can become an addiction)
31
What are agonists?
A drug that increase the action of a neurotransmitter. | It can either make more or mimics a neurotransmitter
32
What are antagonists?
A drug that blocks the function of a neurotransmitter | Either blocks the receptor or makes the vesicles leaky (less neurotransmitters)
33
What is the neuro system?
An interacting network of neurons that convey electrochemical information throughout the body
34
What are the two divisions of the nervous system?
Central nervous system (CNS) | Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
35
What are the two components of the CNS and their functions?
The brain: supports perception, motor functions, emotion, cognition Spinal cord: branches down from the brain
36
What are the three functions of the CNS?
1. Receiving sensory information from the outside world 2. Process and coordinate the information acquired 3. Command a response (skeletal and muscular )
37
What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Part of the nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the body’s organs and muscles.
38
What are the components of the PNS?
Somatic nervous system (SNS) Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
39
What is the somatic nervous system (SNS)?
A set of nerves that convey information between voluntary muscles and the central nervous system. It carries out the command.
40
What is the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
A set of nerves that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands
41
What is the ANS composed of ?
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)
42
What is the sympathetic nervous system ?
Set of nerves that prepares the body for action in challenging or threatening situations. What gathers energy (increase in heart rate, sugar… flight or fight mode)
43
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
Set of nerves that helps the body return to a normal resting state
44
What is the spinal reflex?
Simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contraction.
45
What is the reflex arc?
Many actions of the central nervous system dont require the brain’s input. The brain is bypassed
46
What are the three division of the brain?
The hindbrain, the midbrain and the forebrain
47
What is the hindbrain composed of ?
Medulla Reticular formation Cerebellum Pons
48
What is the hindbrain?
The area of the brain that coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord. Vital functions such as breathing and heartbeat
49
What is the medulla?
An extension of the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates heart rate, circulation and respiration
50
What is a reticular formation?
Brain structure that regulates sleep, wakefulness and levels of arousal
51
What is the cerebellum?
A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills `
52
What is the pons?
Relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
53
What is the functions of the midbrain?
The midbrain is important for orientation and movement. | It’s the connection point between the forebrain and the hindbrain
54
What is the midbrain composed of?
Tectum | Tegmentum
55
What is the tectum?
Part if the brain that orients an organism the environment
56
What is a tegmentum?
Part of the midbrain that involves in movement and arousal
57
What is the forebrain?
It’s the highest level of the brain. It controls complex cognitive, emotional, sensory and motor functions.
58
In what parts is the forebrain divided in?
Subcortical structures | Cerebral cortex
59
What are the subcortical structures?
Areas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the center of the brain
60
What are the subcortical structures composed of?
``` Thalamus Hypothalamus Hippocampus Amygdala Basal ganglia Pituitary gland ```
61
What is the thalamus?
Subcortical structures Relays and filters information from the sense and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex (processes information)
62
What is the hypothalamus?
Subcortical struc Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst and sexual behavior Sensitive to neurohormones
63
What is the hippocampus?
Subcortical structure Critical for creating new memories and inter grating them into a network of knowledges so that they can be stores indefinitely in other parts of the cerebral cortex. Short term to long term memory
64
What is the amygdala?
Brain structure that plays a central tole in many emotional processes, particularly in the formation of emotional memories.
65
What is the basal ganglia?
Set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements
66
What is the pituitary gland?
Releases hormones that direct many other glands. Where your brain interacts with blood vessels. (Maturity, puberty and growth)
67
What is the goal of glial cells?
To support neurons
68
What is the endocrine system?
Network of glands that produce and secrete hormones
69
What are hormones?
Chemical messages that influences serval basic functions such as growth, sexual maturation
70
What are the main hormone producing glands?
``` Hypothalamus Pituary glands Pancreas Thyroid glands Adrenal glands Pineal glands Ovary Teste ```
71
What is the cerebral cortex?
Outermost layer of the brain
72
What is the cerebral cortex responsible for?
Perception, emotions, movement, memory and thoughts
73
What is the left hemisphere of the brain responsible for?
Language functions, it controls right side of the body
74
What is the right side of the brain responsible for?
Non verbal abilities | Controls left side of the brain
75
What are the lobes in the cerebral cortex?
Occipital lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Frontal lobe

psychology (6 decks)

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