Ch.3 Part 2 Flashcards
(221 cards)
1
Q
acetabulum (ass-eh-TAB-you-lum)
A
socket of the hipbone, into which the head of the femur fits.
2
Q
allogenic
A
genetically distinct, but of the same species
3
Q
ankylosing spondylitis (ang-kih-LOH-sing spon-dih-LYE-tis)
A
rare type of arthritis that causes pain and stiffness in your spine.
4
Q
arthrodesis
A
surgical immobilization of a joint by fusion of the adjacent bones
5
Q
arthrolysis
A
surgical restoration of mobility to an ankylosed joint
6
Q
autologous
A
referring to an individual’s own blood
7
Q
avascular necrosis
A
the death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply
8
Q
kyphosis
A
An increased front-to-back curve of the upper spine is called
9
Q
laminectomy
A
removal of part or all of the vertebral bone
10
Q
malleolus
A
The rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle joint
11
Q
chondromalacia
A
softening of the cartilage under the kneecap
12
Q
comminuted fracture
A
a break or splinter of the bone into more than two fragments
13
Q
compression fracture
A
when one or more bones in the spine weaken and crumple
14
Q
costochondritis (kos-toh-kon-DRIGH-tis)
A
inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the breastbone
15
Q
craniostenosis (kray-nee-oh-steh-NOH-sis)
A
Child with premature closure of the lambdoid suture
16
Q
crepitation
A
noises are produced by the rubbing of parts one against the other
17
Q
dual x-ray absorptiometry (ab-sorp-shee-OM-eh-tree)
A
An imaging test that measures bone density
18
Q
gout
A
form of arthritis caused by excess uric acid in the bloodstream. Normally impacts the big toe
19
Q
hallux valgus
A
A bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of the big toe. Foot deformity
20
Q
hemarthrosis
A
bleeding into a joint cavity
21
Q
hemopoietic
A
pertaining to the formation of blood or blood cells
22
Q
internal fixation
A
surgical procedure used to internally set and stabilize fractured bones
23
Q
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
A
arthritis that causes joint inflammation and stiffness for more than six weeks in a child aged 16 or younger
24
Q
lordosis
A
also known as sway back. A curving inward of the lower back.
25
lumbago
pain in the muscles and joints of the lower back
26
malleolus
bony projection with a shape likened to a hammer head, especially each of those on either side of the ankle
27
manubrium
anatomical process or part shaped like a handle. Upper portion of the sternum
28
metacarpals
Five cylindrical bones extending from the wrist to the fingers
29
metatarsals
bones of the forefoot that connect the distal aspects of the cuneiform
30
myeloma
type of blood cancer that develops from plasma cells in the bone marrow
31
open fracture
fracture in which there is an open wound or break in the skin near the site of the broken bone
32
orthopedic surgeon
doctors who specialize in the musculoskeletal system
33
orthotic
A support, brace, or splint used to support, align, prevent, or correct the function of movable parts of the body
34
Osteoarthritis
type of arthritis caused by inflammation, breakdown, and eventual loss of cartilage in the joints. Aka degenerative arthritis
35
osteochondroma
overgrowth of cartilage and bone that happens at the end of the bone near the growth plate
36
osteoclasis
surgical destruction of bone tissue
37
osteomalacia
softening of the bones
38
osteomyelitis
an infection in a bone
39
osteopenia
A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal bone mass or bone mineral density
40
osteoporosis
bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decreases, or when the quality or structure of bone changes
41
osteoporotic hip fracture
fracture caused by osteoporosis
42
osteorrhaphy
surgical suturing, or wiring together, of bones
43
Paget’s disease
characterized by one or more enlarged, weak bones
44
pathologic fracture
broken bone caused by disease, often by the spread of cancer to the bone
45
percutaneous vertebroplasty (per-kyou-TAY-nee-us VER-tee-broh-plas-tee)
minimally invasive procedure designed to relieve back pain caused by osteoporotic compression fractures of the thoracic (mid-back) and lumbar (low-back) spine that have failed to heal normally.
46
periostitis
inflammation of the band of tissue that surrounds your bones known as the periosteum.
47
podiatrist
branch of medicine devoted to the study, diagnosis, and medical and surgical treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle, and lower extremity
48
polymyalgia rheumatica (pol-ee-my-AL-jee-ah roo-MA-tih-kah)
inflammatory disorder that causes muscle pain and stiffness, especially in the shoulders and hips
49
prosthesis
device designed to replace a missing part of the body or to make a part of the body work better
50
rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune and inflammatory disease, which means that your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake
51
rickets
the softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency
52
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
53
spina bifida
birth defect that occurs when the spine and spinal cord don't form properly
54
spiral fracture
aka torsion fracture, is a type of complete fracture. It occurs due to a rotational, or twisting, force
55
spondylolisthesis (spon-dih-loh-liss-THEE-sis)
slipping forward of the vertebral bone
56
spondylosis
refers to a degenerative process affecting the vertebral disc and facet joints that gradually develops with age
57
subluxation
partial dislocation of joint
58
synovectomy
removing the synovium, a thin membrane that lines the inside of certain joints
59
vertebra
one of 33 bony segments that form the spinal column of humans
60
ossification
process of bone formation
61
osteoclasts
cells that degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodeling
62
osteoblasts
cells that form new bone
63
Red bone marrow
a hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes
64
Yellow bone marrow
functions as a fat storage area in the medullary cavity of long bones
65
Cartilage
smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones
66
Articular cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate to form joints
67
meniscus
the curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints,like the knee and jaw
68
diaphysis
the shaft of a long bone (middle part) covered by periosteum
69
epiphyses
the wider ends of long bones covered by articular cartilage
70
proximal epiphysis
the wider end closer to point of attachment or joint
71
distal epiphysis
the wider end farther from point of attachment or joint
72
foramen
an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
73
process
normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon
74
mastoid process
bony projection located on the temporal bones just behind the ears
75
ligament
fibrous connective tissue connects one bone to another
76
bursa
sac of synovial fluid near the tendons
77
abduction
to move away from the body/midline
78
adduction
to move toward the body or midline
79
circumduction
movement in a circle
80
Fibrous joints
inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together and do not allow movement. aka sutures
81
fontanelles (fon-tah-NELLS)
aka soft spots that are in the babies head, allows for easier passage during birth
82
Cartilaginous joints
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
83
Sternum
A cartilaginous joint where the ribs connect. Allows movement during breathing
84
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint that allows some movement to facilitate childbirth. This joint is located between the pubic bones in the anterior
85
synovial joint
created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions
86
Ball-and-socket joints
such as the hips and shoulders, allow a wide range of movement in many directions
87
Hinge joints
such as the knees and elbows, are synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane
88
synovial capsule
outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint
89
synovial membrane
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
90
Synovial fluid
flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible
91
Ligaments
bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage. More ligaments, more movement in different directions.
92
periosteum (perry-aws-tea-um)
dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints. Articular cartilage protects the joints
93
Articular cartilage
connective tissue covering the ends of bones that functions as a low-friction and wear-resistant surface to facilitate joint movement
94
axial skeleton
80 bones that protect the organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems. Consists of skull, middle ear, hyoid, ribcage, vertebral column.
95
appendicular skeleton
makes movement possible and protects the digestive, excretion, and reproduction system
96
upper extremities
shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands. Part of the appendicular skeleton
97
lower extremities
hips, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet. Part of the appendicular skeleton
98
Appendage
anything that is attached to a major part of the body
99
appendage
anything that is attached to a major part of the body
100
appendicular
referring to an appendage
101
extremity
terminal end of a body part
102
cranium
he portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain. made up of 8 bones
103
frontal bone
anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead.
104
parietal bones
two of the largest skull bones, make up the roof of the cranium
105
occipital bone
forms the back part and base of the cranium
106
temporal bones
form the sides and base of the cranium
107
external auditory meatus
opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear
108
meatus
external opening of a canal
109
sphenoid bone
wedge-shaped cranial bone at the base of the skull, Forms eyes socket
110
ethmoid bone
Cranial bone located at the roof and sides of the nose helps form an orbit.
111
orbit
bony socket that surrounds and protects each eyeball
112
auditory ossicles
three tiny bones located in each middle ear, They are malleus, incus, and stapes
113
nasal bones
two facial bones that form the upper part of the bridge of the nose
114
zygomatic bones
facial bones that make up the cheeks, aka cheekbones
115
maxillary bones
facial bones that form most of the upper jaw. aka maxillae
116
palatine bones
facial bones that form the front of the mouth and floor of nose
117
lacrimal bones
two facial bones that make up part of the orbit
118
vomer bone
facial bone that makes the base of the nasal septum
119
nasal septum
cartilage wall that divides the two nasal cavities
120
mandible
aka jaw. only movable bone of the skull.
121
temporomandibular joint
the point of where the the mandible connects to the skull
122
thoracic cavity
aka rib cage. has ribs, sternum, and upper portion of the spinal column
123
costals
the 12 pair of ribs
124
true ribs
first seven ribs. attach anteriorly to the sternum
125
false ribs
next three pairs of ribs after the true ribs. attach anteriorly to cartilage that connects them to the sternum
126
floating ribs
last two pairs of rib. only attached posteriorly to the vertebrae but are not attached anteriorly
127
sternum
aka breast bone. Connects ribs and made of three parts.
128
manubrium (mah-NEW-bree-um)
upper portion of the sternum
129
gladiolus
body of the sternum, middle portion
130
xiphoid process
cartilage lower portion of the sternum
131
pectoral girdle
shoulder girdle, supports arms
132
scapula
aka shoulder blade
133
acromion
an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder.
134
humerus
upper arm bone
135
radius
lower arm bone where the thumb is
136
Ulna
larger lower arm bone opposite side of thumb
137
olecranon process (oh-LEK-rah-non)
aka funny bone, large projection in the upper end of an ulna.
138
carpals
the bones that form the wrist
139
phalanges
finger bones and toe bones
140
spinal column
aka vertebral column consists of 26 vertebrae
141
Cervical vertebrae
the upper 7 vertebrae in the neck
142
Thoracic vertebrae
aka dorsal vertebrae, the 12 vertebrae under the cervical vertebrae. each one has a rib
143
Lumbar vertebrae
the 5 vertebrae in the lower back, under the thoracic vertebrae.
144
Sacrum
bottom of the lumbar vertebrae, consists of 5 bones but referred to as one
145
coccyx
aka tailbone, under the scrum
146
body of the vertebra
anterior portion of the vertebra is solid to provide strength
147
lamina
posterior portion of a vertebra. serve as attachments for muscles and tendons
148
vertebral foramen
opening in the middle of the vertebra. allows the spinal cord to pass through and to protect the spinal cord
149
Intervertebral disks
made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other. Allow for movement and act as shock absorbers
150
cervical
pertains too the neck
151
pelvis
aka bony pelvis. has the coccyx and sacrum and the pelvic gridle
152
Ilium
elephant ear bones of the pelvis
153
sacroiliac
slightly movable part between between the sacrum and ilium
154
ischium
forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone. what you sit on.
155
pubis
front of pubic bone, bellow bladder
156
symphysis
place where two bones are closely joined
157
acetabulum (ass-eh-TAB-you-lum)
aka hip socket. where the femur connects to the pelvis.
158
Femoral
relating to the femur, largest bone in the body. Thigh
159
head of the femur
articulates with the acetabulum
160
femoral neck
narrow area just below the head of the femur
161
patella
aka kneecap. front side of need
162
popliteal
back side of knee where ligaments and vessels are
163
cruciate ligaments
make possible the movements of the knee
164
tibia
aka shinbone bigger front bone of the lower leg
165
fibula
smaller bone of the lower leg.
166
ankles
connect lower leg and foot. Make it possible for movement
167
tarsal
the carpals of the foot
168
malleolus
rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle join
169
Talus
the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula. Their meeting point.
170
calcaneus
heel bone, largest tarsal (sole of foot)
171
metatarsals
form the foot where ankle and phalanges are met.
172
Chiropractor
focuses on spine disorders. Manipulative treatment involves manually adjusting the bones of the spine.
173
orthopedic surgeon
aka orthopedist. physician who diagnoses and treats problems with bones joints, and muscles.
174
Osteopath
uses both medicine and manipulative treatment
175
podiatrist
specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot
176
rheumatologist
specializes in diagnosis and treatment of arthritis ,osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues
177
bone marrow biopsy
diagnostic test used if abnormal amounts or types of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count.
178
Bone marrow aspiration
syringe to withdraw tissue from the red bone marrow
179
BDT
Bone density testing used to diagnose bone issues
180
Ultrasonic bone density testing
type of BDT screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass
181
Dual x-ray absorptiometry
radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density. More accurate than the ultra sound.
182
BMT
Bone marrow transplant used to treat certain types of cancers that impact the bone. Destroys bone marrow and bone, then bone marrow stem cells are inserted to make new bone marrow
183
allogenic bone marrow transplant
healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor
184
autologous bone marrow transplant
patient receives his or her own bone marrow cells
185
orthotic
medical device like a brace or splint. to control or correct movent
186
prosthesis
a substitute for a diseased or missing body part
187
Arthrodesis
aka surgical ankylosis the surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint. to treat sever arthritis or damaged joint
188
Arthroscopic surgery
a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint. Cartilage can be removed through incisions.
189
Chondroplasty
surgical repair of cartilage
190
synovectomy
synovial membrane from a joint
191
arthroplasty
surgical repair of a joint, but has become into surgical replacement.
192
TKR
total knee replacement, aka total knee arthroplasty
193
PKR
partial knee replacement
194
THR
Total hip replacement aka total hip arthroplasty
195
Hip resurfacing
instead of THR and removing part of the femur they put a metal cap that allows it to move more smoothly
196
Revision surgery
replacement of a failed or worn implant.
197
percutaneous discectomy (per-kyou-TAY-nee-us dis-KECK-toh-mee)
treats a herniated intervertebral disk by suctioning it out or vaporizing it
198
Percutaneous
means preformed through the skin
199
Percutaneous vertebroplasty
treats osteoporosis-related fractures, bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column
200
laminectomy
surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra
201
Spinal fusion
a technique to partially immobilize the spine by fusing some of it together.
202
craniectomy
partial removal of part of the cranium
203
craniotomy
surgical incision or opening into the skull
204
cranioplasty
surgical repair of the skull
205
Osteoclasis
the surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
206
ostectomy
the surgical removal of bone
207
Osteorrhaphy
surgical wiring of bone
208
Osteotomy
surgical cutting of a bone
209
periosteotomy
incision through the periosteum to the bone
210
Closed reduction
aka manipulation. attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation by manual force
211
open reduction
surgical procedure to realign bones
212
Immobilization
aka stabilization. Putting the bone is a fixed position
213
Traction
pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in attempt to realign it.
214
External fixation
when pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external device can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly during healing.
215
Internal fixation
aka open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place. Not typically removed after healing.
216
greenstick fracture
incomplete break
217
comminuted fracture
, where the bone is just crushed.
218
CR
Closed reduction, aka manipulation. attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation by manual force
219
FX
Fracture
220
OA
osteoarthritis, type of arthritis that happens when cartilage between joints wear down, typically to age.
221
OP
osteoporosis, weaking of bone density that can cause them to break easily
