Ch.14 reproductive system Flashcards
(227 cards)
1
Q
cervic/o
A
Cervix (neck of uterus).
2
Q
colp/o
A
Vagina
3
Q
-gravida
A
pregnant
4
Q
gynec/o
A
Female or woman.
5
Q
hyster/o
A
Uterus.
6
Q
mast/o
A
Breast.
7
Q
men/o
A
Menstruation, menses.
8
Q
orchid/o
A
Testicles.
9
Q
ov/o
A
Egg, ovum.
10
Q
ovari/o
A
Ovary.
11
Q
-para
A
To give birth.
12
Q
-pexy
A
Surgical fixation.
13
Q
salping/o
A
Uterine (fallopian) tube
14
Q
vagin/o
A
Vagina.
15
Q
abruptio placentae
A
A disorder in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus
16
Q
amenorrhea
A
The abnormal absence of menstrual periods for 90 days or more.
17
Q
amniocentesis
A
A surgical puncture with a needle to obtain a specimen of amniotic fluid
18
Q
andropause
A
decrease of the male hormone testosterone
19
Q
Apgar score
A
scale of 1-10 to evaluate a newborn infant’s physical status at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
20
Q
azoospermia
A
absence of sperm in the semen
21
Q
cervical dysplasia
A
presence of precancerous changes in the cells that make up the inner lining of the cervix.
22
Q
cervicitis
A
Inflammation of the cervix.
23
Q
chlamydia
A
sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis
24
Q
chorionic villus sampling
A
diagnostic test to search for genetic abnormalities in the developing fetus
25
colostrum
specialized form of milk that delivers essential nutrients and antibodies in a form that the newborn can digest
26
colpopexy
surgical fixation of a prolapsed vagina to a surrounding structure.
27
colporrhaphy
Surgical suturing of a tear in the vagina.
28
colposcopy
Direct visual examination of the tissues of the cervix and vagina.
29
dysmenorrhea
Pain caused by uterine cramps during a menstrual period.
30
eclampsia
more serious form of preeclampsia that is characterized by convulsions and sometimes coma
31
ectopic pregnancy
condition in which a fertilized egg is implanted and begins to develop outside of the uterus; also known as an extrauterine pregnancy
32
endocervicitis
Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the cervix
33
endometriosis
condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity
34
epididymitis
Inflammation of the epididymis.
35
episiotomy
surgical incision of the perineum to facilitate delivery and prevent laceration of the tissues
36
fibroadenoma
round, firm, rubbery mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in the breast
37
fibrocystic breast disease
presence of single or multiple benign cysts located in the breasts
38
galactorrhea
production of breast milk in women who are not breastfeeding
39
gonorrhea
highly contagious sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae
40
hematospermia
presence of blood in the seminal fluid
41
hydrocele
fluid-filled sac in the scrotum that is located along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles
42
hypomenorrhea
unusually small amount of menstrual flow during a shortened regular menstrual period.
43
hysterectomy
The surgical removal of the uterus
44
hysterosalpingography
radiographic examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes following the instillation of radiopaque material
45
hysteroscopy
direct visual examination of the interior of the uterus and fallopian tubes
46
leukorrhea
A profuse whitish mucus discharge from the uterus and vagina
47
mastalgia
Pain in the breast; also known as mastodynia
48
mastopexy
surgical procedure to affix sagging breasts into a more elevated position
49
menarche
beginning of the menstrual function at puberty
50
menometrorrhagia
Excessive uterine bleeding occurring both at the usual time of menstrual periods and at other irregular intervals.
51
neonate
newborn infant during the first 4 weeks after birth.
52
nulligravida
woman who has never been pregnant
53
nullipara
A woman who has never borne a viable child
54
obstetrician
physician who specializes in providing medical care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately thereafter
55
oligomenorrhea
Infrequent or very light menstruation in a woman with previously normal periods
56
oophorectomy
the surgical removal of one or both ovaries
57
orchidectomy
surgical removal of one or both testicles; also known as an orchiectomy
58
orchiopexy
Endoscopic surgery to move an undescended testicle into its normal position in the scrotum
59
pelvic inflammatory disease
Any inflammation of the female reproductive organs not associated with surgery or pregnancy
60
perimenopause
transition phase between regular menstrual periods and no periods at all
61
Peyronie’s disease
form of sexual dysfunction in which the penis is bent or curved during erection
62
placenta previa
abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus
63
polycystic ovary syndrome
condition caused by a hormonal imbalance in which the ovaries are enlarged by the presence of many cysts formed by incompletely developed follicles
64
preeclampsia
complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria
65
priapism
painful erection that lasts 4 or more hours and is not accompanied by sexual excitement
66
primigravida
woman during her first pregnancy
67
primipara
woman who has borne one viable child.
68
pruritus vulvae
Severe itching of the external female genitalia
69
salpingo-oophorectomy
surgical removal of a fallopian tube and an ovary
70
syphilis
sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum
71
trichomoniasis
sexually transmitted disease caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis
72
uterine prolapse
condition in which the uterus slides from its normal position in the pelvic cavity and sags into the vagina
73
varicocele
knot of widening varicose veins in one side of the scrotum.
74
vasovasostomy
procedure performed as an attempt to restore fertility to a vasectomized male; also known as a vasectomy reversal
75
External genitalia
reproductive organs located outside of the body cavity
76
Internal genitalia
reproductive organs protected within the body
77
perineum
is the external surface region in both males and females between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx
78
male perineum
extends from the scrotum to the area around the anus.
79
female perineum
extends from the pubic symphysis to the area around the anus
80
amniocentesis
AMN
81
bacterial vaginosis
BV
82
cesarean section
CS
83
hormone replacement therapy
HRT
84
human papillomaviruses
HPV
85
hysterosalpingography
HSG
86
hysteroscopy
HYS
87
intrauterine device
IUD
88
labor and delivery
L & D
89
neonatal intensive care unit
NICU
90
pelvic inflammatory disease
PID
91
premenstrual syndrome
PMS
92
Balanitis
an inflammation of the glans penis that is usually caused by poor hygiene in men who have not had the foreskin removed by circumcision
93
Phimosis
is a narrowing of the opening of the foreskin so it cannot be retracted (pulled back) to expose the glans penis. This condition can be present at birth or become apparent during childhood
94
Erectile dysfunction
also known as impotence, is the inability of the male to achieve or maintain a penile erection. A penis that is not erect is referred to as being flaccid, or limp.
95
Peyronie’s disease
also known as penile curvature, is a form of sexual dysfunction in which the penis is bent or curved during erection
96
Priapism
is a painful erection that lasts 4 hours or more but is either not accompanied by sexual excitement or does not go away after sexual stimulation has ended. The condition can be caused by medications or by blood-related diseases such as sickle cell anemia or leukemia
97
Premature ejaculation
a condition in which the male reaches climax too soon, usually before or shortly after penetration of the female
98
Andropause
which is referred to as ADAM ( Androgen Decline in the Aging Male), is marked by the decrease of the male hormone testosterone ( andr/o means male or masculine, and -pause means stopping). It usually begins when a man is in his late 40s and progresses very gradually over several decades. Androgen is a male sex hormone
99
Cryptorchidism
also known as an undescended testicle, is a developmental defect in which one or both of the testicles fail to descend into their normal position in the scrotum
100
Anorchism
the congenital absence of one or both testicles
101
Epididymitis
is inflammation of the epididymis that is frequently caused by the spread of infection from the urethra or the bladder
102
hydrocele
is a fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles ( hydr/o means relating to water, and -cele means a hernia or swelling). Note: The term hydrocele is also used to describe the accumulation of fluid in any body cavity
103
spermatocele
is a cyst that develops in the epididymis and is filled with a milky fluid containing sperm
104
Testicular cancer
cancer that begins in the testicles. It is the most common cancer in American males between the ages of 15 and 34 years. This cancer is highly treatable when diagnosed early
105
Testicular torsion
a sharp pain in the scrotum caused by twisting of the vas deferens and blood vessels leading into the testicle. Torsion means twisting
106
Testitis
also known as orchitis, is inflammation of one or both testicles
107
varicocele
a knot of widening varicose veins in one side of the scrotum. Varicose veins are abnormally swollen veins
108
Azoospermia
is the absence of sperm in the semen
109
Oligospermia
a sperm count of below 20 million/mL
110
Hematospermia
the presence of blood in the seminal fluid
111
Sperm count
the testing of freshly ejaculated semen to determine the volume plus the number, shape, size, and motility of the sperm
112
Testicular self-examination
a self-help step in early detection of testicular cancer by detecting lumps, swelling, or changes in the skin of the scrotum
113
Circumcision
the surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis. This optional procedure is usually performed within a few days of birth.
114
orchidectomy
also spelled as orchiectomy, is the surgical removal of one or both testicles
115
Orchiopexy
the repair of an undescended testicle ( orchi/o means testicle, and -pexy means surgical fixation). This is an endoscopic surgery performed on infants before the age of 1 year to move the testicle into its normal position in the scrotum
116
varicocelectomy
the removal of a portion of an enlarged vein to relieve a varicocele
117
Sterilization
any procedure rendering an individual, incapable of reproduction
118
Castration
also known as bilateral orchidectomy, is the surgical removal or destruction of both testicles
119
vasectomy
the male sterilization procedure in which a small portion of the vas deferens is surgically removed ( vas means vas deferens, and -ectomy means surgical removal). This prevents sperm from entering the ejaculate but does not change the volume of semen created by the body
120
vasovasostomy
also known as a vasectomy reversal, is a procedure performed as an attempt to restore fertility to a vasectomized male
121
Chlamydia
which is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, is the most commonly reported STD in the United States. It is highly contagious and requires early treatment with antibiotics
122
Bacterial vaginosis
a condition in women in which there is an abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina ( vagin means vagina, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease). This condition can cause complications during pregnancy and an increased risk of HIV infection if exposed to the virus. Symptoms sometimes include a discharge, odor, pain, itching, or burning
123
Genital herpes
caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2. Symptoms include itching or burning before the appearance of lesions (sores) on the genitals or rectum. This condition is highly contagious, even when visible lesions are not present. Antiviral drugs ease symptoms and can suppress future outbreaks; however, currently there is no cure
124
Genital warts
, which are caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV), are highly contagious. In the male, this virus infects the urethra. In the female, it infects the external genitalia, cervix, and vagina. It also increases the risk of cervical cancer. An HPV vaccine is available to prevent the spread of this disease. It is recommended that it be administered to all boys and girls at ages 11 or 12. Young women can be vaccinated through age 26, and young men through age 21
125
Gonorrhea
a highly contagious condition caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In women, this condition affects the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes. In men, it affects the urethra by causing painful urination and an abnormal discharge. It can also affect the mouth, throat, and anus of both men and women
126
human immunodeficiency virus
transmitted through exposure to infected body fluids, particularly through sexual intercourse with an infected partner
127
Syphilis
which is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, has many symptoms that are difficult to distinguish from other STDs. Syphilis is highly contagious and is passed from person to person through direct contact with a chancre, which is a sore caused by syphilis. This condition can be detected through the VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) blood test before the lesions appear. The RPR test (Rapid Plasma Reagin) is another blood test for syphilis
128
Trichomoniasis
also known as trich, is an infection caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. One of the most common symptoms in infected women is a thin, frothy, yellow-green, foul-smelling vaginal discharge. Infected men often do not have symptoms; however, when symptoms are present, they include painful urination or a clear discharge from the penis
129
Anovulation
he absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected
130
Oophoritis
inflammation of an ovary
131
Ovarian cancer
originates within the cells of the ovaries. These cancer cells can break away from the ovary and spread (metastasize) to other tissues and organs within the abdomen or travel through the bloodstream to other parts of the body
132
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
ny inflammation of the female reproductive organs that is not associated with surgery or pregnancy. This condition occurs most frequently as a complication of a sexually transmitted disease and can lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and other serious disorders
133
Polycystic ovary syndrome
a condition caused by a hormonal imbalance in which the ovaries are enlarged by the presence of many cysts formed by incompletely developed follicles
134
Pyosalpinx
an accumulation of pus in a fallopian tube
135
Salpingitis
an inflammation of a fallopian tube
136
Endometriosis
a condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity
137
Endometrial cancer
involves a cancerous growth that begins in the lining of the uterus. One of the earliest symptoms of this cancer that frequently occurs after menopause is abnormal bleeding from the uterus
138
uterine fibroid
also known as a myoma, is a benign tumor composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that occurs in the wall of the uterus
139
uterine prolapse
also known as a pelvic floor hernia, is a condition in which the uterus slides from its normal position in the pelvic cavity and sags into the vagina
140
Cervical cancer
a slow-growing squamous cell cancer (see Chapter 12). It is caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV), which can now usually be prevented through vaccination. Cervical cancer can be detected early through routine Pap smears
141
Cervical dysplasia
the presence of precancerous changes in the cells that make up the inner lining of the cervix. Without early detection and treatment, these cells can become malignant
142
Cervicitis
an inflammation of the cervix that is usually caused by an infection
143
Endocervicitis
is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the cervix
144
Colporrhexis
means tearing or laceration of the vaginal wall ( colp/o means vagina, and -rrhexis means to rupture). A laceration is a torn, ragged wound or an accidental cut
145
Dyspareunia
is pain during sexual intercourse
146
Leukorrhea
a profuse, whitish mucus discharge from the uterus and vagina ( leuk/o means white, and -rrhea means flow or discharge). Women normally may have some vaginal discharge; however, leukorrhea describes a change and increase in this discharge that can be due to an infection, malignancy, or hormonal changes
147
Vaginal atrophy
a decrease in elasticity and lubrication caused by hormonal changes. It affects about half of all postmenopausal women and can be treated with moisturizers or estrogen therapy
148
Vaginal candidiasis
also known as a yeast infection, is a vaginal infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Candida albicans (see Chapter 6). The growth of this fungus is usually controlled by bacteria normally present in the vagina. Symptoms of vaginal candidiasis include burning, itching, and a “cottage cheese-like” vaginal discharge
149
Vaginismus
an involuntary spasm of the pelvic floor muscles, which close off the vagina ( vagin means vagina, and -ismus means spasm or contraction). This spasm can cause dyspareunia and difficulty tolerating speculum insertion for a Pap smear
150
Vaginitis
an inflammation of the lining of the vagina ( vagin means vagina, and -itis means inflammation). The most common causes of a vaginal inflammation are bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and vaginal candidiasis
151
Pruritus vulvae
a condition of severe itching of the external female genitalia. Pruritus means itching
152
Vulvodynia
a painful syndrome of unknown cause ( vulv/o means vulva, and -dynia means pain). It is characterized by chronic burning, dyspareunia, itching, or stinging irritation of the vulva
153
Vulvitis
an inflammation of the vulva ( vulv means vulva, and -itis means inflammation). Possible causes include fungal or bacterial infections, chafing, skin conditions, or allergies to products such as soaps and bubble bath
154
fibroadenoma
a round, firm, rubbery mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in the breast (Figure 14.13). These masses, which can grow to the size of a small plum, are benign and usually painless. Fibroadenomas often enlarge during pregnancy and shrink during menopause
155
Fibrocystic breast disease
the presence of single or multiple benign cysts in the breasts. This condition occurs more frequently in older women. A cyst is a closed sac containing fluid or semisolid material
156
Galactorrhea
the production of breast milk in a woman who is not breastfeeding ( galact/o means milk, and -rrhea means flow or discharge). This condition is caused by a malfunction of the thyroid or pituitary gland
157
Mastalgia
also known as mastodynia, is pain in the breast
158
Amenorrhea
an abnormal absence of menstrual periods for 90 days or more ( a- means without, men/o means menstruation, and -rrhea means flow or discharge). This condition, which is normal only before puberty, during pregnancy, while breastfeeding, and after menopause, can be caused by stress, hormonal problems, inadequate nutrition, or excessive exercise
159
Amenorrhea
an abnormal absence of menstrual periods for 90 days or more ( a- means without, men/o means menstruation, and -rrhea means flow or discharge). This condition, which is normal only before puberty, during pregnancy, while breastfeeding, and after menopause, can be caused by stress, hormonal problems, inadequate nutrition, or excessive exercise
160
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
a condition characterized by abnormal bleeding, often due to an imbalance in hormone level changes
161
Hypermenorrhea
is an excessive amount of menstrual flow over a period of more than 7 days ( hyper- means excessive, men/o means menstruation, and -rrhea means flow or discharge). Hypermenorrhea is the opposite of hypomenorrhea
162
Hypomenorrhea
an unusually small amount of menstrual flow during a shortened regular menstrual period ( hypo- means deficient, men/o means menstruation, and -rrhea means flow or discharge). Hypomenorrhea is the opposite of hypermenorrhea
163
Menometrorrhagia
also known as intermenstrual bleeding, is excessive uterine bleeding at both the usual time of menstrual periods and at other irregular intervals
164
Menometrorrhagia
also known as intermenstrual bleeding, is excessive uterine bleeding at both the usual time of menstrual periods and at other irregular intervals
165
Oligomenorrhea
the term used to describe infrequent or very light menstruation in a woman with previously normal periods ( olig/o means scanty, men/o means menstruation, and -rrhea means flow or discharge). Oligomenorrhea is the opposite of polymenorrhea
166
Polymenorrhea
the occurrence of menstrual cycles more frequently than is normal ( poly- means many, men/o means menstruation, and -rrhea means flow or discharge). Polymenorrhea is the opposite of oligomenorrhea
167
Premature menopause
a condition in which the ovaries cease functioning before age 40 years due to disease, a hormonal disorder, or surgical removal. This causes infertility and often brings on menopausal symptoms
168
Premenstrual syndrome PMS
a group of symptoms experienced by some women within the 2-week period before menstruation. These symptoms can include bloating, swelling, headaches, mood swings, and breast discomfort
169
Premenstrual dysphoric disorde PMDD
a condition associated with severe emotional and physical problems that are closely linked to the menstrual cycle. Symptoms occur regularly in the second half of the cycle and end when menstruation begins or shortly thereafter
170
abortion
the interruption or termination of pregnancy before the fetus is viable
171
induced abortion
caused by human intervention, is achieved through the use of drugs or suctioning. When done for medical purposes, it is known as a therapeutic abortion
172
ectopic pregnancy
also known as an extrauterine pregnancy, is a potentially dangerous condition in which a fertilized egg is implanted and begins to develop outside of the uterus. Ectopic means out of place
173
Gestational diabetes mellitus
form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy
174
Infertility
inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of regular, unprotected intercourse, or the inability of a woman to carry a pregnancy to a live birth
175
Preeclampsia
also known as pregnancy-induced hypertension, is a complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension (high blood pressure), edema (swelling), and proteinuria (an abnormally high level of protein in the urine)
176
Preeclampsia
also known as pregnancy-induced hypertension, is a complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension (high blood pressure), edema (swelling), and proteinuria (an abnormally high level of protein in the urine)
177
Eclampsia
which is a more serious form of preeclampsia, is characterized by convulsions and sometimes coma. Treatment for this condition includes the delivery of the fetus
178
Rh factor
defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells (see Chapter 5). The Rh factor can cause difficulties when an Rh negative (Rh–) mother is pregnant with an Rh positive (Rh+) baby. If a small amount of the baby’s blood enters the mother’s bloodstream, she can develop antibodies in an allergic response
179
Abruptio placentae
a disorder in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus. Abruption means breaking off. This condition is a leading cause of fetal death
180
Breech presentation
occurs when the buttocks or feet of the fetus are positioned to enter the birth canal first instead of the head
181
Placenta previa
the abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus. Previa means appearing before or in front of. Symptoms include painless, sudden-onset bleeding during the third trimester
182
Placenta previa
the abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus. Previa means appearing before or in front of. Symptoms include painless, sudden-onset bleeding during the third trimester
183
stillbirth
the birth of a fetus that died before or during delivery
184
Postpartum depression
a mood disorder characterized by feelings of sadness and the loss of pleasure in normal activities that can occur shortly after giving birth. One cause of this depression is the rapid change in the hormone levels that occurs after giving birth. When the depression is severe, treatment is required
185
Colposcopy
the direct visual examination of the tissues of the cervix and vagina ( colp/o means vagina, and -scopy means direct visual examination). This examination is performed using a binocular magnifier known as a colposcope
186
endometrial biopsy
a small amount of the tissue from the lining of the uterus is removed for microscopic examination. This test is most often used to determine the cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding
187
Endovaginal ultrasound
is performed to determine the cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding. This test is performed by placing an ultrasound transducer in the vagina so that the sound waves can create images of the uterus and ovaries
188
Hysterosalpingography
a radiographic examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes ( hyster/o means uterus, salping/o means fallopian tube, and -graphy means the process of producing a picture or record). This test requires the instillation of radiopaque contrast material into the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes to make them visible. Instillation means the slow introduction of a liquid into a body part by pouring or injection
189
Hysterosalpingography
a radiographic examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes ( hyster/o means uterus, salping/o means fallopian tube, and -graphy means the process of producing a picture or record). This test requires the instillation of radiopaque contrast material into the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes to make them visible. Instillation means the slow introduction of a liquid into a body part by pouring or injection
190
Pap smear
an exfoliative biopsy of the cervix. It is performed to detect conditions that can be early indicators of cervical cancer (Figure 14.15). As used here, exfoliative means that cells are scraped from the tissue and examined under a microscope. A speculum is used to enlarge the opening of the vagina during the examination of the cervix and vagina
191
pregnancy test
performed to detect an unusually high level of the human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) hormone in either a blood or urine specimen, which is usually an indication of pregnancy. A home pregnancy test uses a urine specimen, whereas a pregnancy test based on a blood specimen at a doctor’s office usually provides more reliable results.
192
First trimester screening
also known as combined screening, is performed between 11 and 13 weeks of pregnancy and involves an ultrasound and a finger-stick blood test. The combined results of these two measurements, plus the mother’s age, detect if the fetus is at increased risk for Down syndrome, which is discussed in Chapter 2. Diagnostic tests, such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling, are recommended for those at increased risk for this condition
193
Chorionic villus sampling
the examination of cells retrieved from the chorionic villi, which are minute, vascular projections on the chorion. This test is performed between the 8th and 10th weeks of pregnancy to search for genetic abnormalities in the developing fetus
194
Chorionic villus sampling
the examination of cells retrieved from the chorionic villi, which are minute, vascular projections on the chorion. This test is performed between the 8th and 10th weeks of pregnancy to search for genetic abnormalities in the developing fetus
195
Amniocentesis
a surgical puncture with a needle to obtain a specimen of amniotic fluid ( amnio means amnion and fetal membrane, and -centesis means a surgical puncture to remove fluid). This specimen, which is usually obtained after the 14th week of pregnancy, is used to evaluate fetal health and to diagnose certain congenital disorders
196
contraceptive
measure taken to lessen the likelihood of pregnancy
197
Birth control pills
a form of hormones that are administered as an oral contraceptive. Other forms of this type of contraceptive are available as an injection, a patch, an implant, and an inserted ring
198
diaphragm
is a barrier contraceptive that prevents the sperm from reaching and fertilizing the egg
199
intrauterine device
a molded plastic contraceptive inserted through the cervix into the uterus to prevent pregnancy
200
condom
will also prevent pregnancy when used correctly. It is the only contraceptive method mentioned here that will also prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases
201
Hormone replacement therapy
the use of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone to replace those the body no longer produces during and after perimenopause. Estradiol and progestin are commonly used synthetic forms of estrogen and progesterone, respectively
202
oophorectomy
also known as an ovariectomy, is the surgical removal of one or both ovaries ( oophor mean ovary, and -ectomy means surgical removal). If both ovaries are removed in a premenopausal woman, the patient experiences surgical menopause
203
salpingectomy
is the surgical removal of one or both fallopian tubes
204
salpingo-oophorectomy
s the surgical removal of a fallopian tube and ovary ( salping/o means fallopian tube, oophor means ovary, and -ectomy means surgical removal). A bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is the removal of both of the fallopian tubes and ovaries
205
Tubal ligation
a surgical sterilization procedure in which the fallopian tubes are sealed or cut to prevent sperm from reaching a mature ovum
206
colpopexy
also known as vaginofixation, is the surgical fixation of a prolapsed vagina to a surrounding structure such as the abdominal wall
207
colpopexy
also known as vaginofixation, is the surgical fixation of a prolapsed vagina to a surrounding structure such as the abdominal wall
208
Conization
also known as a cone biopsy, is the surgical removal of a cone-shaped specimen of tissue from the cervix. This is performed as a diagnostic procedure or to remove abnormal tissue
209
Dilation and curettage
commonly known as a D & C, is a surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated and the endometrium of the uterus is scraped away. This can be performed as a diagnostic or a treatment procedure. Dilation means the expansion of an opening. Curettage is the removal of material from the surface by scraping with an instrument known as a curette
210
myomectomy
the surgical removal of uterine fibroids ( myom means muscle tumor, and -ectomy means surgical removal
211
hysterectomy
the surgical removal of the uterus ( hyster means uterus, and -ectomy means surgical removal). The procedure is further described by the structures that are removed
212
total hysterectomy
also known as a complete hysterectomy, the uterus and cervix are removed. This procedure can be performed through the vagina or laparoscopically through the abdomen
213
radical hysterectomy
also known as a bilateral hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy, is most commonly performed to treat uterine cancer (Figure 14.16B). This procedure includes the surgical removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes, the uterus and cervix, plus nearby lymph nodes. If this surgery is performed before natural menopause, the patient immediately experiences surgical menopause
214
Mammoplasty
also spelled mammaplasty, is a general term for a cosmetic operation on the breasts
215
Breast augmentation
is mammoplasty performed to increase breast size, often for cosmetic reasons. Augmentation means the process of adding to make larger. Breast augmentation is the opposite of breast reduction.
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Breast reduction
is mammoplasty performed to decrease and reshape excessively large, heavy breasts. Breast reduction, which is sometimes done to relieve back and neck pain, is the opposite of breast augmentation.
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Mastopexy
also called a breast lift, is a mammoplasty to affix sagging breasts in a more elevated position
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Mastopexy
also called a breast lift, is a mammoplasty to affix sagging breasts in a more elevated position
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cesarean section
also known as a C-section, is the delivery of the child through an incision in the maternal abdominal and uterine walls. This is usually performed when a vaginal birth would be unsafe for either the mother or baby.
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VBAC
VBAC is the acronym used to describe vaginal birth after a cesarean
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episiotomy
a surgical incision made into the perineum to enlarge the vaginal orifice to prevent tearing of the tissues as the infant moves out of the birth canal
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episiorrhaphy
the surgical suturing to repair an episiotomy
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incubator
an apparatus for maintaining an environment of controlled temperature, humidity, and oxygen concentration for a premature or ill newborn
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assisted reproductive technology ART
describes techniques used to aid an infertile couple in achieving a viable pregnancy
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Artificial insemination
also called intrauterine insemination (IUI), is a technique in which sperm from a woman’s partner or from a donor are introduced into the vagina or uterus during the ovulatory phase of her menstrual cycle
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In vitro fertilization
a procedure in which mature ova are removed from the mother to be fertilized. The resulting embryos are transferred into the uterus with the hope that they will implant and continue to develop as a normal pregnancy. In vitro means in an artificial environment such as a test tube
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surrogate
a woman who agrees to become pregnant and give birth on behalf of a person or couple. Artificial insemination or surgical implantation of an in vitro fertilized egg may be used
