Ch4 neuroanatomy and neuropharmacology Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Human nervous system is composed of
A
central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
2
Q
central nervous system (CNS) includes
A
brain and spinal cord
3
Q
peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes
A
everything except brain and spinal cord
4
Q
the brain is divided into which 3 main components?
A
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
5
Q
forebrain includes which 2 parts?
A
cerebral hemisphere and diencephalon
6
Q
hindbrain are comprised of which 3 parts?
A
medulla, pons, cerebellum
7
Q
In terms of orientation, what is another term from “front-back”?
A
ventral-dorsal
8
Q
Ventral is toward the…
A
belly
9
Q
In terms of orientation, what is another term from “up-down”?
A
rostral/superior - caudal/inferior
10
Q
Above the spinal cord, ventral/dorsal means
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inferior/superior in the brain
11
Q
Below the spinal cord, ventral/dorsal means
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front and back in the spinal cord
12
Q
Below the spinal cord, rostral/caudal means
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toward the head/toes in the cord
13
Q
Above the spinal cord, rostral/caudal means
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anterior/posterior in the brain
14
Q
Gray matter
A
cell bodies of neurons
15
Q
White matter
A
myelinated axons
16
Q
What does white matter do?
A
provide communication among cortical areas and between cortical and subcortical structures over longer distances
17
Q
Damage to the white matter pathways when functional brain regions are deprived of input and output through white matter damage
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Disconnection syndromes
18
Q
unimodal cortex
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- an association area that primarily deals with information from one sense modality.
- For example, visual association cortex is devoted to the integration of different types of visual information.
- plays a prominent role in perception
19
Q
polymodal cortex
A
- processes information received from disparate modalities through afferent connections
- involved in higher order conceptual processes that are less dependent on concrete sensory information than on abstract features extracted from multiple inputs
20
Q
Frontal lobe can be subdivided into the following 3 regions
A
1) orbitofrontal/ventromedial region
2) dorsalateral region
3) dorsomedial region
21
Q
Orbitofrontal/ventromedial region is responsible for
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- emotional regulation
- reward monitoring
- personality
- decision making
22
Q
Damage to the orbitofrontal/ventromedial region results in
A
- disordered reward/punishment processing
- problems making perceptual and learning experiences with reward value and emotional significance
- poor decision making
23
Q
Dorsolateral region is responsible for
A
- cognitive executive functions, executive attention
24
Q
Damage to the dorsalateral regions results in
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- dysexecutive syndromes
- impairments in working memory
- poor attentional control of behavior
25
Dorsomedial region is responsible for
- intentional and behavioral activation
26
Damage to the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex results in
- impairments in initiated behavior including akinetic mutism
- apathy
27
Akinetic mutism means
person is alert and awake, not comatose, but cannot speak or move
28
Temporal lobes can be divided into which 3 regions?
1) Temporal polar cortical areas
2) Ventral temporal areas
3) Posterior temporal region
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Temporal polar cortical areas are responsible for
intersensory integration and semantic memory
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Ventral temporal areas are responsible for
object recognition and discrimination
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Bilateral damage to ventral temporal areas can result in
object or face agnosia
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Posterior temporal regions are comprised of which sulci?
middle and superior temporal sulci
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Which part of temporal lobe is Wernicke's area (brodmann area 22) located?
Superior temporal gyrus
34
Posterior temporal regions are responsible for:
- language comprehension in the language dominant hemisphere
| - prosodic comprehension in the homologous non-dominant hemisphere
35
Parietal Lobe can be divided into which 3 regions?
1) Superior parietal lobule
2) Temporoparietal junction
3) Inferior Parietal lobule
36
Superior parietal lobule is responsible for:
sensory-motor integration
body schema
spatial processing
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Temporoparietal junction is responsible for
```
phonological and sound-based processing
language comprehension (left)
music comprehension (right)
```
38
Inferior parietal lobule is responsible for
complex spatial attention
integration of tactile sensation
self awareness
39
Occipital lobe contains which 2 cortex?
- Primary visual cortex
| - Visual association cortex
40
Damage to the primary visual cortex results in
- cortical blindness
- Anton's syndrome (denial of cortical blindness)
- blindsight (detection of unconsciously perceived stimuli in the blind field)
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Partial damage to the primary visual cortex results in
- visual field defects
42
Occipital lobe is the origin of which 2 main visual-cortical pathways?
- Ventral visual pathway
| - Dorsal visual pathway
43
What does the ventral visual pathway do?
- connects occipital and temporal lobe
- object and face recognition
- item based memory
- complex visual discrimination
44
What does the dorsal visual pathway do?
- connects the occipital and parietal lobes
| - important for spatial vision and visuomotor integration
45
How many Brodmann areas are there?
52
46
Disconnection syndrome occurs when
fiber damage causes functional processors to lose their ability to communicate or coordinate in performing a complex task of behavior
47
What are the name of the cells of our eyes that send their axons into the optic nerve?
Retinal ganglion cells
48
What do retinal ganglion cells do?
They send their axons into the optic nerve
49
Where does the optic nerve project to?
Optic nerve projects posteriorly and comes together at the optic chiasm
50
Where do optic tracts originate?
Optic chiasm
51
Discuss what happens at the visual pathway, how information travels from the eye to the visual cortex
1) retinal ganglion cells in each eye send their axons into the optic nerve
2) optic nerves projects posteriorly, comes together at optic chiasm
3) optic tracts originate at optic chiasm, then terminate at Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
4) then projects to brodmann area 17/primary visual cortex
5) small proportion of fibers bypass LGN, terminate in pretectal area and superior colliculus, then project to parietal and frontal association cortex
52
Where does visual information crossover?
Optic Chiasm
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Tectopulvinar system
prectectal and collicular fibers project to parietal and frontal association cortex via relays in pulvinar nucleus of thalamus
54
What is the tectopulvinar system responsible for?
pupillary light reflex
attention-directed eye movements
general orientation to visual stimuli
55
Extrageniculate or Extrastriate visual pathways refer to
the small proportion of visual fibers that bypass lateral geniculate nucleus and terminate in the pretectal area and superior colliculus
56
Dorsal pathway in human vision projects to...
parietal occipital association cortex
57
What does the dorsal/parieto-occipital association cortex do?
processes spatial information
| visuomotor integration in the environment
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What does the ventral/occipito-temporal association cortex do?
processes structural and feature based information for analysis and recognition of visual form (e.g. faces and objects)
59
Dorsal lesions may cause
impairments in spatial perception, attention, visuomotor processing
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Ventral lesions may cause
perceptual disturbances
| disorders of recognition of familiar objects or faces (AGNOSIA)
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Apperceptive Agnosia
- results from extensive damage to visual association areas
| - impairments in processing basic visual elements of objects (e.g. shape, contour, depth)
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Associative Agnosia
- difficulty understanding the meaning of what is seen
- patients can draw or copy but do not know what they drew
- perception of form is okay, but cannot recognize or identify
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Memory disorders can result from damage to which 3 areas?
1) medial/mesial temporal lobe
2) medial diencephalon
3) basal forebrain
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Definition of agnosia
an inability to recognize and identify objects or persons while perception or senses may be intact
65
What does the limbic system include?
```
hippocampal formation
amygdala
septal nuclei
cingulate cortex
entorhinal cortex
perirhinal cortex
parahippocampal cortex
```
66
Which 3 cortical areas form the temporal lobe?
entorhinal cortex
perirhinal cortex
parahippocampal cortex
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What does the hippocampal formation include?
- dentate gyrus
- the hippocampus proper (i.e., cornu ammonis)
- subicular cortex
- entorhinal cortex
68
Hippocampus is also called
cornu ammonis or Ammon’s Horn
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Where is hippocampus located?
Temporal lobe
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Amygdala's functions are
an integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation
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Where is amygdala located?
adjacent to the hippocampus
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Hippocampus can be divided into 4 histological regions
CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4
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Function of dendate gyrus
Episodic memories
| Exploration of new environments
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Subicular complex
- the most inferior structure of the hippocampal formation
| - responsible for working memory
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Circuit of papez
- begins and ends at the hippocampus
- information received from perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex -> hippocampus -> (via fornix) mammillary bodies -> (via mammillothalamic tract) anterior thalamus -> cingulate gyrus -> hippocampus
76
Which 2 cortices receive a majority of the cortical input to the temporal lobe memory circuit?
- perirhinal cortex
| - parahippocampal cortex
77
What information does perirhinal cortex receive?
More anterior temporal non-spatial information
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What information does parahippocampal cortex receive?
More posterior medial spatial information
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Describe the lateral circuit
perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex -> amygdala -> dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus -> orbitofrontal cortex -> uncinate fasciculus ->amygdala
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What does the case of H.M illustrate?
removal of uncus and amygdala caused no memory loss, but more posterior resections involving the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus produced amnesia more severe
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two-system theory of amnesia explains that
amnesia occurs when both the lateral AND medial limbic circuit (papez) are damaged
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lesions that interrupt both the fornix (papez circuit) AND ventral amygdalofugal pathways (lateral circuit) will result in
severe amnesia
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Each memory system can carry on the function of the other because...
lesions affecting only one system result in memory loss that is far less severe than if both systems are damaged
84
Damages to Perirhinal and parrahippocampal cortex can cause more severe memory impairment than...
when there are impairments of the lateral and medial limbic circuits
85
Damage to cortical or subcortical of temporal lobe results in
amnesia
86
Amnesia most likely results from damage to which circuits?
BOTH hippocampal-based medial limbic (papez) and amygdala-based lateral limbic circuits
87
Hippocampus is critical what kind of memory?
Episodic memory
88
Amygdala is responsible for what kind of memory?
Emotional memory
| Emotional aspects of cognition
89
Function of thalamus
Sensory relay nucleus
alertness
behavioral activation
memory
90
Thalamic lesions can result in
- impaired connections to hippocampus
| - disconnection with frontal lobes
91
Wernicke-Korsakoff is associated with
amnesia related to dorsomedial thalamic lesions
92
Damage to cholinergic neurons in Basal Forebrain
causes memory loss
93
Alzheimer's Disease is associated with
substantial loss of neurons containing acetylcholine in the basal forebrain (BF), affecting recognition memory
94
Which parts of the brain is amnesia associated with?
medial temporal
thalamic
basal forebrain
parahippocampal gyrus damage
95
In the brain, gray matter is found...
in the outer most layer of the brain
96
In the spinal cord, gray matter is found
inside
97
In the spinal cord, white matter is found
in the outer layer
98
Which parts does the brainstem include?
midbrain, pons, medulla
99
Functions of afferent neurons
carry information from sensory receptors of the skin and other organs to the central nervous system (i.e., brain and spinal cord)
100
Functions of efferent neurons
carry motor information away from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body
101
Name 2 sulci found in the temporal lobe
Superior temporal sulcus
| Inferior temporal sulcus
102
Name the 3 gyri found in the temporal lobe
Superior temporal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus
103
Functions of parietal lobe
processing sensations of touch, pain, pressure
104
Primary Somatosensory cortex (brodmann area 3) is housed in which area of the parietal lobe?
Postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
105
Name the notable lobules, gyrus and sulcus in the parietal lobe
```
superior parietal lobule
inferior parietal lobule
angular gyrus
supramarginal gyrus
post central gyrus
```
106
Hemispatial neglect is caused by damage to which part of the brain?
Right parietal lobe
107
Trisynaptic circuit
- pattern of synaptic transmission within hippocampus
| - entorhinal cortex -> dentate gyrus -> CA3 -> CA1
108
DLPFC functions include
top down executive attention
109
Lesions in dorsal medial prefrontal cortex can result in
apathy and akinetic mutism
110
Dorsomedial nucleus is a part of ...
thalamus
111
Parts of basal forebrain
septal area
substantia innominata
red nucleus of the stria terminalis
