Ch 15 Learning Disabilities

Question 1

Definition of LD

Answer 1

unexpected under achievement in academics
arise in childhood
neurobiologically based, developmental
occurs on a continuum, not discrete, dichotomous

Question 2

Types of LD

Answer 2

Reading disability
Math disability
Written expression disability

Question 3

NLD that is common in which communities

Answer 3

Turner syndrome
22q11.2 deletion
congenital hydrocephalus

Question 4

T or F? individuals may grow into their deficits

Answer 4

true

learning deficits may not fully manifest until a later age

Question 5

% of people with LD

Answer 5

15-20

Question 6

% of students with LD and need special education in school

Answer 6

13-14% (> 8 million)

Question 7

% of students who have special education are classified as having SLD?

Answer 7

50%

Question 8

Cutoff percentiles for LD diagnoses

Answer 8

25%ile (low achieving)

10%ile (extremely low achieving)

Question 9

% of students with a primary LD have reading and language processing related LD

Answer 9

85%

Question 10

male to female ratio with LD

Answer 10

1.5x more likely for males

Question 11

heritability for reading LD

Answer 11

0.3-0.9

Question 12

heritability for math LD

Answer 12

0.5-0.8

43%

Question 13

LD is a developmental lag or functional deficit?

Answer 13

functional deficit that persists over time despite intervention efforts
do not spontaneously remit or normalize with time or age (does not grow out of it)

Question 14

How does Anxiety amplify academic difficulties with LD?

Answer 14

interaction between limbic and frontal systems
anxiety floods frontal systems with excessive dopamine
pushes the system to impairing side of the inverted U shaped curve

Question 15

Diagnosis of LD - 4 models

Answer 15

Aptitude achievement discrepancy model
Low achievement model
Intraindividual differences model
RTI model

Question 16

Problems with RTI

Answer 16

no research support for adults
little consensus about how to define inadequate response to appropriate instruction
how to ensure fidelity to implement tiers of intervention

Question 17

DSM impairment in Reading specifiers

Answer 17

Word reading accuracy
Reading rate or fluency
Reading comprehension

Question 18

how many genes linked to dyslexia?

Answer 18

13 candidate genes

- 4 of them identified in speech and language d/o

Question 19

children with genetic risk for development of dyslexia display differences in brain response and orientation to speech sounds as early as

Answer 19

a few days to 6 mos of age

Question 20

postmortem studies of pts with dyslexia showed

Answer 20

• unexpected symmetry of the planum temporale, polymicrogyria of the L planum temporale, cortical dysplasia in L hemisphere
• L occipitotemporal cortex, middle part of left fusiform gyrus (rapid processing of words - visual word form area)
• alterations in structure (gray and white matter volume) in L hemisphere and R cerebellum
• difference in white matter microstructure in L
• underactivation in Wernicke’s area, angular gyrus, striate cortex
• over activation in inferior frontal gyrus

Question 21

neural signature of dyslexia

Answer 21

overactivation in inferior frontal gyrus

underactivation in Wernicke’s area, angular gyrus, striate cortex

Question 22

% of school aged children with Reading disability

Answer 22

10-15%

Question 23

SES accounts for what % of variance in reading outcomes

Answer 23

10%

Question 24

Co-occurring conditions in with dyslexia

Answer 24

55% of children with dyslexia have oral language deficits
50% of children with language difficulties have deficient reading
55% have math disability
25-40% have ADHD
deficits in processing speed

Question 25

Skills needed for reading

Answer 25

phonological awareness - ability to understand words are comprised of speech sounds Decoding - convert letters into sounds and combines them to form a recognizable word Sight reading - retrieves or recognizes words from sight Prediction - uses context, linguistic, background knowledge and memory to text to guess meaning of unknown words (top down skill)

Question 26

Automaticity (RAN)

Answer 26

strongly predictive of reading, independent of phonological awareness

Question 27

Double deficit model of Reading disability

Answer 27

2 single deficit subtypes of RD with more limited reading deficits (RAN and phonological awareness) 1 double deficit subtype has more pervasive and severe deficit

Question 28

poor reading fluency is observed only in people with word recognition difficulties. T or F

Answer 28

False. people with ok word recognition may also have poor reading fluency

Question 29

Reading comprehension is dependent on

Answer 29

``` word recognition and fluency - orthographic (visual word form) - morphologic (word meaning) oral language skills (Expressive/receptive vocab) attention and EF ```

Question 30

% of students with RD have late emerging reading disability

Answer 30

40% (not evident until at least 3rd grade)

Question 31

What is fourth grade slump?

Answer 31

reading deficits not shown till after 3rd grade transition from learning to read to reading to learn associated with ADHD

Question 32

Effective reading interventions

Answer 32

small group instruction repeated reading for reading fluency intrinsic motivation to increase interest explicit instruction of comprehension strategies using different media training in morphological awareness (i.e. breaking down words into meanings, prefix, roots)

Question 33

Non evidence based reading interventions

Answer 33

Vision therapy | Fast For Word

Question 34

Math disability

Answer 34

Number sense memorization of arithmetic facts accurate or fluent calculation accurate math reasoning

Question 35

Subtype of math disability

Answer 35

semantic memory procedural error visuospatial

Question 36

MD - Semantic memory subtype

Answer 36

deficient, inaccurate, inconsistent arithmetic fact retrieval

Question 37

MD - procedural memory subtype

Answer 37

use of developmentally immature procedures or errors in the execution of procedures

Question 38

MD - visuospatial subtype

Answer 38

misalignment of numbers or place value errors in decimals | adult lesion data, not validated in children

Question 39

Neuropathology of MD

Answer 39

posterior parietal cortex for math processing intraparietal sulcus, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus younger kids who just started learning math have greater prefrontal activation adolescents and adults decrease dependence on working memory and attentional resources mediated by prefrontal gyrus

Question 40

prevalence of M LD

Answer 40

20%

Question 41

% of 4th graders and 8th graders who are below basic level in math?

Answer 41

20% of 4th graders | 30% of 8th graders

Question 42

% of 4th graders and 8th graders who are below basic level in Reading?

Answer 42

32% of 4th graders | 24% of 8th graders

Question 43

co-occurring conditions with MD

Answer 43

reading LD automaticity, phonological awareness for math computation working memory EF, attention, VS

Question 44

Neurodevelopmental disorders associated with MLD

Answer 44

``` Turner syndrome Fragile X Congenital hydrocephalus Neurofibromatosis type I Spina bifida Congenital hypothyroidism 22q deletion syndrome Williams syndrome Preterm, low BW ```

Question 45

Difference between math and reading

Answer 45

math achievement is cumulative throughout and beyond elementary school years

Question 46

Skills required in math acquistion

Answer 46

domain specific skills: numerosity (understanding and recognizing concept of quantity) - symbolic comparison, non symbolic comparison number line estimation, procedural counting, conceptual counting doman general skills - language, phon awareless, VS, nonverbal reasoning, working memory, processing speed, attention, EF

Question 47

Teaching kids math problem solving can translate into improved math calculations

Answer 47

True but not the other way around

Question 48

DSM 5 impairment in written expression categories

Answer 48

spelling grammar and punctuation clarity or organization of written expression

Question 49

neuropathology

Answer 49

limited research | some alterations in white matter microstructure in L hemisphere

Question 50

% of people with written expression disability

Answer 50

7-15%

Question 51

Male to female ratio in disability in writing

Answer 51

3:1

Question 52

co-occuring % between reading and writing disability

Answer 52

75%

Question 53

% of 4th and 8th grader performing at below basic writing level

Answer 53

20% 4th grader | 21% 8th grader

Question 54

Dysgraphia

Answer 54

deficits in automatic letter writing, orthographic coding, finger sequencing

Question 55

Treatment of written expression difficulties

Answer 55

self regulated strategy development to help with self regulation strategies to improve writing process systematic and explicit instruction on transcription skills development of oral language skills