Ch 5 NP functions and Neurobehavioral disorders Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
Spearman’s general factor theory states that
A
all abilities share a general factor, g
global IQ can summarize all abilities
2
Q
Cattell Horn Carroll model
A
Gf-Gc (fluid and crystalized intelligence) by Cattell and Horn
Three Stratum Theory (Carroll)
3
Q
Howard Gardner
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theory of multiple intelligence (linguistic, logical-math, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalistic, interpersonal, intrapersonal)
4
Q
Intellectual Disability
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developmental disorder
onset before 18
substantially subnormal IQ (> 2SD below the mean)
deficits in 2+ adaptive skills
5
Q
Savantism
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individual with ID or ASD has one or more specific or narrow remarkable talent that is in contrast with their ID
exceptional memory, calculation, calendar knowledge, art, language ability
6
Q
Savantism prevalence
A
6 times more in makes than females
7
Q
What test measures simple attention
A
digit span, Corsi blocks
8
Q
What test measures focused attention
A
digit symbol coding
9
Q
What test measures selective attention
A
cancellation
10
Q
What test measures sustained attention
A
CPT
11
Q
What test measures alternating attention
A
Trails B
12
Q
What test measures divided attention
A
PASAT (paced auditory serial addition test)
13
Q
Posner and Petersen’s model of attention states that
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attention is divided into 2 major areas
1) posterior network
2) anterior network
14
Q
According to Posner and Petersen, Posterior network
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has to do with orienting and shifting attention
15
Q
According to Posner and Petersen, Anterior network
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serves as the detection system (executive attention) and detects stimuli either from sensory events or from memory
16
Q
Alerting network of attention is subserved by which system?
A
Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
17
Q
What is the alerting network of attention?
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influence both anterior and posterior networks, operates at both high and low levels of arousal
18
Q
Processing speed is dependent on
A
- white matter that makes up cortico-cortical connection
- basal ganglia
- frontal regions (DLPFC)
- cerebellum
19
Q
Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) is responsible which type of attention
A
arousal and attention
20
Q
Anterior cingulate and limbic system is responsible for which type of attention
A
determines saliency and stimuli and associated emotion/motivation
21
Q
Prefrontal area is responsible for which type of attention
A
response selection control sustained attention and focus switching searching alternating
22
Q
Orbitofrontal/Ventromedial is responsible for which type of attention
A
inhibition of responses
sustained attention
23
Q
Dorsolateral Frontal is responsible for which type of attention
A
initiation of responses
sustained attention
shifting attention
24
Q
Medial Frontal is responsible for which type of attention
A
motivation
consistency of responding
focused attention
25
Thalamus is responsible for which type of attention
sensory relay between subcortical areas and cortex
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pulvinar nuclei is responsible for which type of attention
extracting info from target location and filtering distraction
27
superior colliculus is responsible for which type of attention
shifting attention
| eye movement
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inferior colliculus is responsible for which type of attention
orientation to auditory stimuli
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inferior and posterior parietal is responsible for which type of attention
hemispatial neglect and inattention
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right hemisphere is responsible for which type of attention
spatial attention
appreciation of gestalt
hemispatial inattention and neglect
31
components of language competence include 4 areas
phonology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics
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how is language different from speech?
speech is the physical oral expression of language
33
etiology of aphasia
stroke (40% of patients have some degree of aphasia)
neoplasm
intracranial tumor and infection
brain injury
34
speech disturbances that are not considered aphasia
dysarthria, dysphonia, apraxia of speech
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disconnection syndrome is proposed by
Geschwind
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According to Geschwind, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia are examples of
disconnection syndrome - result of lesions interrupting the transfer of info from one neural region to another
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spontaneous speech include 2 specific content areas
Form
| Content
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Form of speech
form - whether patient's speech is fluent or nonfluent (examined by effort required to produce speech, rate, melody, length)
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Content of speech
word choice and syntax
| presence or absence of paraphasic errors in spontaneous speech
40
Describe fluent aphasic speech content
word output normal
content not informative
empty meaning
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Describe nonfluent aphasic speech content
critical words present but in wrong order and wrong grammar
| agrammatism/telegraphic speech
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Describe fluent aphasic speech form
output normal, length normal
articulation and melody normal
speech maybe non meaningful with paraphasia
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Describe nonfluent aphasic speech form
output diminished, length decreased
laborious articulation
poor rhythm
impaired initiation and impaired grammatical sequence
44
Comprehension of spoken and written language difficulties
Syntactic errors- anterior lesion, disturbed comprehension of phonological, syntactic information
Lexical/semantic errors - posterior lesion, disturbed comprehension of meaningful word sounds to convey meaning
45
Why is repetition important to be assessed for aphasia?
ability to repeat indicates perisylvian language centers are functional
46
Anomia/Naming difficulties
problems naming an object, color, body part, finding words
| - harder to localize
47
Alexia can be seen in isolation without other features of aphasia, true or false
True
48
Aphasic disorders without repetition difficulties are located in which areas?
Borderzone language areas
49
Aphasic disorders with repetition difficulties are located in which areas?
Perisylvian areas
50
Which types of stroke will have a better outcome? Strokes isolated to the cortex OR strokes that include deeper structures?
Strokes isolated to the cortex have better outcomes than those including deeper structures
51
Strokes affecting cortex are less disruptive than those that affect
multiple systems needed for normal language (eg. structures that are connected by white matter pathways)
52
Hallmark of perisylvian aphasia syndromes
Impaired repetition
53
```
Discuss characteristics for Broca's aphasia in
spontaneous speech
comprehension
repetition
naming
reading
writing
```
```
spontaneous speech impaired
comprehension intact
repetition impaired
naming impaired/limited
reading impaired/limited
writing impaired
```
54
```
Discuss characteristics for Wernicke's aphaisa:
spontaneous speech
comprehension
repetition
naming
reading
writing
```
```
spontaneous speech intact
comprehension impaired
repetition impaired
naming impaired
reading impaired
writing impaired
```
55
```
Discuss characteristics for Conduction aphasia in:
spontaneous speech
comprehension
repetition
naming
reading
writing
```
```
spontaneous speech intact
comprehension intact
repetition impaired
naming impaired
reading intact
writing impaired
```
56
```
Discuss characteristics for Global aphasia in:
spontaneous speech
comprehension
repetition
naming
reading
writing
```
```
spontaneous speech impaired
comprehension impaired
repetition impaired
naming impaired
reading impaired
writing impaired
```
57
```
Discuss characteristics for Anomic aphasia in:
spontaneous speech
comprehension
repetition
naming
reading
writing
```
```
spontaneous speech intact empty
comprehension intact
repetition intact
naming impaired
reading intact
writing impaired empty
```
58
```
Discuss characteristics for Subcortical aphasia in:
spontaneous speech
comprehension
repetition
naming
reading
writing
```
```
spontaneous speech intact
comprehension intact
repetition intact
naming impaired
reading ?
writing ?
```
59
```
Discuss characteristics for Transcortical motor aphasia in:
spontaneous speech
comprehension
repetition
naming
reading
writing
```
```
spontaneous speech impaired
comprehension intact
repetition intact
naming impaired/limited
reading intact
writing impaired
```
60
```
Discuss characteristics for Transcortical sensory aphasia in:
spontaneous speech
comprehension
repetition
naming
reading
writing
```
```
spontaneous speech intact
comprehension impaired
repetition intact
naming impaired
reading impaired
writing impaired
```
61
```
Discuss characteristics for Transcortical mixed aphasia in:
spontaneous speech
comprehension
repetition
naming
reading
writing
```
```
spontaneous speech impaired
comprehension impaired
repetition intact
naming impaired
reading impaired
writing impaired
```
62
Common cause of transcortical mixed aphasia
Hypoxic brain injury
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Common cause of global aphasia
entire perisylvian region
| occlusion early in the MCA
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Prognosis for entirely subcortical aphasia is usually
GOOD
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Which part of the brain is usually involved in alexia with agraphia?
lesion in the posterior parietal lobe (angular gyrus)
66
Which part of the brain is usually involved in alexia without agraphia?
word blindness
lesion in visual word form area
lesion in L occipital area and L adjacent corpus callosum
disconnection syndrome isolating visual from language systems
67
Which part of the brain is usually involved in pure word deafness?
damage to both temporal lobes
destruction of L Heschl's gyrus
damage to white matter tract connecting L Heschl's gyrus and R auditory association
68
Auditory agnosia
inability to recognize the nature of formerly familiar nonverbal acoustic stimuli
intact hearing
intact recognition of speech
69
Agnosia for Sounds
inability to recognize meaning of nonverbal environmental stimuli (eg. sound of train, dog bark)
bilateral lesion in primary auditory cortex around Heshl's gyrus
70
Another term for Agnosia for Music
Amusia
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Agnosia for Music
inability to recognize the meaning of musical sounds, rhythm
| lesion in R or bilateral temporal lobe
72
Ventral visual processing pathway projects to
occipital temporal association cortex
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Dorsal visual processing pathway projects to
parietal occipital association cortex
74
Ventral processing disorder
Visual agnosia
75
Dorsal processing disorder
Visual processing, spatial analysis impairment
76
Tests to measure ventral visual processing
HVOT
| picture completion
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Tests to measure dorsal visual processing
JoLO
| Block Design
78
Prosopagnosia
inability to recognize, identify, or revisualize holistic face representations of familiar or unfamiliar people
right fusiform gyrus
79
Constructional Apraxia
loss of ability to carry out purposeful movements
| visuospatial disorder that signals inability to construct shapes and geometric designs and assemble blocks
80
Dressing Apraxia
inability to localize objects in space
inability to dress
a form of constructional apraxia
81
Lesion of Dressing Apraxia
Right parietal occipital
82
Spatial analysis is localized to
posterior R hemisphere
83
Impairment in location of objects in space
unilateral or bilateral occipital parietal junction
84
Achromatopsia is localized to
posterior medial region
| calcarine cortex
85
Lesion location of spatial Acalculia
right parietal
86
Achromatopsia
impairment in color perception (see only black and white)
87
Lesion location of Achromatopsia
occipital temporal
88
Another word for declarative memory
Explicit memory
89
Another word for procedural memory
implicit memory
90
Retrograde amneisa
amnesia for events prior to accident or illness
91
Ribot's Law
oldest memory is the most resistant to amnesia
92
Anterograde amnesia
inability to learn or encode new information or form new memories, continuous memory
93
Post traumatic Amnesia (PTA)
anterograde amnesia
| best indicator or predictor of TBI outcome
94
Functional Amnesia
psychogenic amnesia, fugue
| psychiatric
95
Infantile Amnesia
failure to recall autobiographical info from early childhood
96
Transient Global Amnesia
hypoperfusion of medial temporal or diencephalic areas
disconnection of lateral and medial limbic circuits
strategic infarction
migraine
ECT
acute onset memory loss that lasts for less than 10 hours
profound anterograde amnesia and variable retrograde amnesia
alert and oriented
confabulation
97
Anoxia/Hypoxia
damage to medial temporal lobe (CA1 of hippocampus)
insight may be preserved
confabulation not as common
98
ACoA (Anterior Communicating Artery) Aneurysm
damage to basal forebrain, striatal, frontal system
disruption of cholinergic neurons that project to medial and lateral limbic circuits
frontal amnesia - confabulation, attention, disorientation, apathy, lack of insight
99
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
```
chronic alcohol use and thiamine deficiency
diencephalic amnesia
anterograde and retrograde amnesia
proactive interference
temporal order impairment
confabulation
poor insight
gait ataxia, oculomotor palsy, encephalopathy
```
100
Herpes Encephalopathy
infection caused by the herpes virus
affects medial and inferior temporal lobes and amygdala
amnesia, aphasia, agnosia (TRIPLE A!)
101
Surgical Ablation
bilateral medial temporal resection for intractable epilepsy
damage to hippocampal, parahippocampal and amygdala damage
preserved insight
not prone to confabulation
102
Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) Stroke
involves medial temporal and posterior occipital lobes
| deficits are visual deficits, hemianopic alexia, color agnosia, object agnosia
103
Which part of the brain is involved with motor sequencing?
prefrontal
| DLPF
104
Which part of the brain is involved with poor directed attention?
prefrontal
| frontal eye lids
105
Which part of the brain is involved with poor working memory
DLPFC
106
Which part of the brain is involved with perseveration
DLPFC
107
Which part of the brain is involved with failure to maintain response set
Prefrontal
108
Which part of the brain is involved with poor reasoning
Dorsolateral prefrontal area
109
Which part of the brain is involved with lack of motivation
DLPFC, basal ganglia, anterior cingulate
| amygdala
110
Which part of the brain is involved with poor planning and organization
DLPFC, orbitofrontal
111
Which part of the brain is involved with impulsivity
Orbitofrontal
112
Which part of the brain is involved with emotional lability
Orbitofrontal
113
Which part of the brain is involved with utilization behavior/stimulus-bound behavior
Orbitofrontal, mesial frontal, anterior cingulate
114
Which part of the brain is involved with Witzelsucht
Orbitofrontal
115
Which part of the brain is involved with disinhibition
Orbitofrontal
116
Which part of the brain is involved with akinetic mutism
Dorsomedial prefrontal/anterior cingulate
117
Which part of the brain is involved with depression
damage to the left frontal
118
Which part of the brain is involved with reduplicative paramnesia
right posterior parietal
| frontal
119
Which part of the brain is involved with capgras syndrome
right temporal
| bilateral frontal
120
Which part of the brain is involved with anosognosia
posterior parietal
frontal
right hemisphere
121
Finger agnosia
loss of ability to name or identify the fingers of own hand or other person's hand
- lesion in left inferior parietal lobe (angular gyrus)
122
Gertsmann syndrome
acalculia
right left disorientation
agraphia
finger agnosia
123
Right left disorientation
inability to identify R and L side of body of self or others
| - lesion of L inferior parietal (angular gyrus)
124
Autotopagnosia
the disturbance of body schema involving the loss of ability to localize, recognize, or identify the specific parts of one's body
125
Somatagnosia
cannot recognize one's body schema
126
Astereoagnosia
inability to recognize nature of an object by tactual ability or other physical features such as size or shape
- lesion in posterior parietal lesion
127
Asomatognosia
loss of knowledge or sense of one's body and bodily condition
- lesion in bilateral parietal lobes
128
Apraxia
inability to carry out previously learned purposeful, skilled movements
normal motor skills and comprehension of act
129
Location of apraxia
lesions near language zone of L hemisphere
L inferior parietal lobule
frontal lobe systems (premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, frontal convexity)
disconnection of corpus callosum
130
Ideational apraxia
- inability to plan, sequence, execute complex gestures (lost the idea behind gesture or use of tool even though knowledge of tool is unaffected)
- L posterior temporal parietal junction
131
Ideomotor apraxia
- inability to perform a skilled gesture with a limb upon verbal command and/or by imitation
- L inferior parietal lobe
- supplementary motor area
- lesion in corpus callosum
132
Limb Kinetic apraxia
- inability to make precise or exact movements with a finger, an arm or a leg
- pyramidal motor system
133
Apraxia of speech
NOT language d/o
| impairment in planning the movements needed for speech production
134
Dysarthria
disorder of motor coordination
135
Buccofacial Apraxia
difficulty performing voluntary skilled motor movements of face, tongue, lips, cheeks on command
136
Gait apraxia
loss of normal capacity to use legs appropriately for walking
137
Anosodiaphoria
one is aware that they have impairment but show no emotional concern or distress
neglect
R parietal or frontal systems
138
Alexithymia
inability to understand, process, or describe one's own emotions
- R hemisphere
139
Emotional lability localized to
orbitofrontal system
| limbic system
140
rumination localization
subgenual prefrontal cortex
141
Pseudobulbar affect
damage to upper motor neuron corticobulbar tract and connections to cerebellum
142
Dysphonia
A speech disorder involving difficulty in vocalization
143
Hesch's gyrus
aka transverse temporal gyrus
gyrus on the upper surface of the temporal lobe
contains the primary auditory cortex
