ch4:physical development

Question 1

when does the brain grow most rapidly

Answer 1

during the first 2 years of life

Question 2

what parts of the brain are the most fully developped?

Answer 2

Midbrain and medulla

Question 3

what functions does the midbrain and medulla control?

Answer 3

• Hear rate, Respiration ,attention sleep &wake , Elimantion, Move head and neck

Question 4

what part of the brain is the least developped?

Answer 4

The cerebral cortex

Question 5

what functions does The cerebral cortex control?

Answer 5

Perception, thinking lanbuage

Question 6

when and in what intervals a person goes through growth spurts

Answer 6

One month intervals until 5 months

Question 7

after 5 months when are the growth spurts?

Answer 7

• Spurts at 8, 12, and 20 months

Question 8

what growth spurts are associated with middle childhood growth spurts?

Answer 8

with improved eye-hand coordination and fine motor skills

Question 9

what part of the brains do 10-12 year olds growth??

Answer 9

• 10–12 year olds have growth in frontal lobes

Question 10

what part of the brain do 13-15 year olds have growth?

Answer 10

• 13–15 year olds have growth in spatial and motor areas

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Question 11

what part of the brain do 17 year olds have growth?

Answer 11

17-year olds have growth in frontal lobes that are associated with logic and planning

Question 12

many spurts are localized, what does this mean?

Answer 12

Different areas of the brain develop at defferent times

Question 13

synaptogenesis

Answer 13

the process of synapse formation

Question 14

neurotransmitters

Answer 14

chemicals that accomplish the transmission of signals from one neuron to another at synapse

Question 15

pruning

Answer 15

the process of eliminating unused synapses

Question 16

plasicty

Answer 16

the ability of the brain to change in response to experience

Question 17

when is the most rapid formation of snapses?

Answer 17

• Rapid occurrence during the first years afer birth

Question 18

when does the brain tripple in size?

Answer 18

by age 2

Question 19

What is the brain Both processes heavily dependent on experiences?

Answer 19

• Fllows”use it or lose it” drictum
• Young brains more vulnerable but quicker to recover
• Early flexibility allows children to adapt to environment better

Question 20

myekubatuib

Answer 20

the porcess by which an insulating layer of a suvstance called myelin is added to neurons

Question 21

reticular formation

Answer 21

the part of the brian that regulates attention

Question 22

association areas

Answer 22

parts of the brain where,sensory,motor, and intellectual functions are linked

Question 23

hippocamus

Answer 23

a brain structure that is involved in the transfer of information ot long-term memory

Question 24

when is the rapid growth of myelination

Answer 24

rapid (But not done) during first 2 years

Question 25

Cephalocaudal pattern of development

Answer 25

development from the head down to the feet

Question 26

proximodistal pattern of development

Answer 26

development from the feet to the head

Question 27

what function is fully developed by age 2

Answer 27

vission

Question 28

what funtion is fully developed by age 4

Answer 28

motor skills

Question 29

what is the first phase of weight/height gain?

Answer 29

first 2 years height gain 10-12 inches weight gain: body tripling in the first year

Question 30

what is the second phase of weight/height gain?

Answer 30

from age 2 adds 2-3 inches and 6 pounds a year until adolescents

Question 31

what is the third phase of weight/height gain?

Answer 31

adolescent growth spurt. 3-6 every year for several years, longer in boys

Question 32

corpus corpus callosum

Answer 32

the structure that connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

Question 33

laterlization

Answer 33

the process through which brain functions are dived between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

Question 34

spatial perception

Answer 34

the ability to idnetify and act on relationships of objects in space; in most people, this skill is lateralized to the right cerebral hemishpere

Question 35

relative right-left orientation

Answer 35

the ability to identify rihgt and left from multile perspectives

Question 36

spatial cognition

Answer 36

the ability to infer rules from and make predications about the movement of objects in space

Question 37

handness

Answer 37

a strong preference for using primarily one hand or the other; it develops between 3-5 years of age

Question 38

pituitary gland

Answer 38

gland that provides the trigger for relase of hormones form other glands

Question 39

Adrenal androgen

Answer 39

signals puberty

Question 40

Gonadatrophic hormones.

Answer 40

hormones secreted by the pituitary gland at the begining of puberty that stimulate the development of glands in the testes and ovaries which then being to secrete testosterone or estrogen

Question 41

endocrine glands

Answer 41

glands (including the adrenals, the thyroid, the pituitary, and the ovaries) that secrete hormones governing overlal physical gorwth and sexual maturing

Question 42

primary sex characteristics

Answer 42

development of testies and ovaries

Question 43

secondary sex characteristics

Answer 43

development of breasts in girls, development in beard and lowering of voice in boys, pubic hair in both

Question 44

what is the sequence of physical sex characteristic development in girls?

Answer 44

development of pubic hair and breast, growth spurt fallows, menarche after two year

Question 45

secular trend

Answer 45

a pattern of change in some characteristic over several cohorts, such as systematic changes in the average timing of menarch or in average height or weight

Question 46

is it possible to concive after first menarche

Answer 46

yes but only 30% of girls are ovualating, another 80% ovualte after two years of birth

Question 47

when are boys able to reach fertility

Answer 47

as early as 12 to as late as 16

Question 48

stage 1 of female breast development/male genital developmet

Answer 48

female: no change except for some evlation of the nipple | boys testes,scrotum, and penis are all about the same size and shape as in early childhood

Question 49

stage 2 of breast development/male genital development

Answer 49

girls: Breast bud stage: elevation of breast and the nipple as a small mound. Areolar diamter increases compared to stage 1 boys: Scrotum and testes are slightly enlarged. Skin of the scotum reddens and changes texture, but little or no enlargment of the penis

Question 50

stage 3 of breast developemnt/male genital development

Answer 50

girls: breast and areola both enlarged and elevated more than in stage 2, but no seperation of their contours boys: Penis slightly enlarged, at first mainly in length. Testes and scrotum are further enlarged.

Question 51

stage 4 of breast development/ male genitial development

Answer 51

girls: areola and nipple form a second mound projecting above the contour of the breast boys: penis further enlarged, with growth in breadth and development of glans. Testes and scrotum further enlarged and scrotum skin still darker

Question 52

stage 5 of breast development/ male genital development

Answer 52

girls : mature stage, only the nipple projects, with the areola reessed to the general contour of the breast boys: genitallia acieve adult sixe and shape

Question 53

a girl who achieves early puberty what are the concerns?

Answer 53

``` Early maturing girls develop and endomorphic type that is osmewhat undesirable • Suffer more negative body image • Get into more trouble in school • Engage in delinquent behavior • Experience more depression • Get into bad peer groups • Abuse substances ```

Question 54

a boy who achieves early puberty, what are the outcomes?

Answer 54

``` Early maturing boys devlop a mesomorphic body type that is culturally admiired • Have positive body image • Leadership roles (confidence) • Does better in shcoo (adut success) • Get in less toruble and more friends • Substance abuse? • Can be more hostile and aggressive ```

Question 55

in 1998 what percentage of male and females teans (15-19) reported having sex at least once in their lives?

Answer 55

1988( 60% male, 51% females)

Question 56

in 2008 what percentage of male and female teans (15-19) reported having sex?

Answer 56

2008(43 males, 42% feamles

Question 57

what is the risk of having multiple sexual partners?

Answer 57

• Leads to increase in STIs and STDs

Question 58

what are some of the social factors that lead in adolescant sexual behaviour?

Answer 58

* Poor neighborhoods * Less adult monitoring * More liekly to use alcohol * Many abused/ neglect in early childhood * Early menarche, early dating * Sometimes history of sexual abuse * Positive correlation between # of risk factors and likehood of being sexaully active

Question 59

what is the goal of sex education

Answer 59

to decrease sexual activity and to increase protection against disease and pregnancy

Question 60

growth

Answer 60

the pattern and rate of growht exihibited by a child over time

Question 61

fontanel

Answer 61

in the one of several "soft spots"in the skull that are present at birth but disappear when bones of the skull grow together

Question 62

ossification

Answer 62

the porcess of hardnening by which soft tissues becomes bone

Question 63

bone age

Answer 63

a measure of physical maturation based on x-ray examination of bones, typically the wrist and hand bones. Two children of the same chronological age may have different bone age because their rate of physical maturation differ.