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developmental psychology: the child > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental science

A

the study of age-related changes in behaviour, thinking, emotions and social reationship

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2
Q

what is another name for the nature v.s nurture debate?

A

nativisim versus empiricism

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3
Q

philisophically what is the nature side refered to

A

idealist and rationalist

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4
Q

norms

A

average ages at which developmental events happens

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5
Q

behaviourism

A

theoretical view that defines development in terms of behaviour changes caused by environmental influence

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6
Q

what is another debate other than the nature v.s nurture debate?

A

the continuity versus discontinuity issue

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7
Q

what is another way to think of continuity versus discontinuity debate? 2

A

quantative versues qualitative

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8
Q

maturation

A

sequential patterns of change tht are governed by instructions contained i the genetic code and shared by all members of a specis

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9
Q

critical period

A

any time period during development when a organism is espicially responsive to and learns from a specitific type of stimulation. The same stimulation at other oints in development has little or no effect

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10
Q

sensitive period

A

A period during which particular experiences can best contribute to proper development. It is similar to a critical period, but the effect s of deprivation during a sensitive period re not as severe as during a critical period

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11
Q

behaviour genetics

A

the study of the genetic contributions to behavior or traits such as intelligence or personality

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12
Q

how do we study behavior genetics?

A

the study of identical and fraternal twins and the study of adopted children

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13
Q

internal models of experience

A

a theorictical concept emphazizing that each child creates a set of core ideas or assumptions about the world, the self and relatiohsips with others through which all subsequent experience is flitered

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14
Q

What are the 5 models of Aslins model of environmental influence

A
  1. maturational patternal
  2. maintenance
  3. facilitation
  4. attunment
  5. inductions
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15
Q

Franz horowitz’s model of vulnerabilty and Resilence

A

Horowitz’s model describes one possible type of interaction between the ulnerability of the child and the quality of the environment. The height of the surface shows the goodnes of the developmental outcome(such as IQ or skill in oscial relations). in theis model only combitnation of a vulnerable infant and a nofacilittive environment will result in a really poor outcome

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16
Q

normative age- graded changes

A

changes tht are common to every meber of a species

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17
Q

normative history-graded changes

A

changes that occur in most members of a chort as a result of factors at work during a specific, well-defined historical period

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18
Q

chohort

A

a group of individuals who share the same historical experiences at the same times in their lives

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19
Q

nonormative changes(individual differences)

A

changes that result from unique, unshared events

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20
Q

developmental theories

A

sets of statements that propose genral princiles of devlopment

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21
Q

psychoanalytic theories

A

Developmental theoris based on the assumption that age-related change results from maturationally determined conflicts between internal drives and society’s demands

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22
Q

libido

A

the term by Freud to describe the basic unconscious, instrinctual sexual energy in each indivudal

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23
Q

id `

A

In Freudian theory, the inborn, primitive, portion of the personality, the storehouse of libido, the bsic energy that continually pushes for immediate gradification.

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24
Q

ego

A

In Freudian,theory , the protion of the personality that organizes, plans and keeps the person in touch whith relaity. Language ad thought are both ego funcitons

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25
superego
In Freudian theory, the "conscience" part of personality, which contains parental and societal values and attitude incorporated during childhood
26
psychosexual stages
the stages of personality development suggest by Freu: oral , anal, phallic,latency, and genital stages
27
psychosocial stages
the stages of personality development suggested by Erikson, involving basic trus, autonomy, intiative, industry, identity,intimacy, generativity, and ego intergrity
28
congnitive developmental theories
developmental theories that emphasize chidlren;s actions on the environment and suggest that age-related changes in reasoning precede and explain changes in other domains
29
scaffolding
the term used by Bruner to describe the process by which a teach(or parent,older child, or the other person in the role of teacher)structures a learning encounter with a child, so as to lead the child from step to step- a processs consistent with Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development
30
zone of proximal development
In Vygostsky's tehory, the range of tasks tht are slighty too difficult for a child to do alone but that can be accomplished successfully with guidance from an adult or more experienced child
31
what kind of reinforcement is generally used in studies?
partial reinforcement
32
negative reinforcement
the process of strengthing a behaviour by the removal or cessation of an unpleasant stimulus
33
punishment
the removal of a desirable stimulus or the adminstration of an unpleansant consequence after some undesired behavior in order to stop the behavior
34
what is observational learning or modeling
children learn by watching others
35
what is intrinsic reinforcement?
the pride a child feels when she figures out how to draw a star or the sense of stisfaction you may experience after strenous exercise
36
what is Bandura's learning model stresses?
observational learning or social learning theory
37
what is the active or passive issue in developmental psychology
Is a person active in shaping her own development, or is she a passive recipient of environment influence
38
what is the stability versus cahnge issue
theoris that stage assert that development is table continous process. Stage theories, on the other hand emphazise change more than stability
39
what is heuristic value?
is the degreee by which theories stimulates thinking and reasearch
40
electicism
the use of multiple theoretical perspectives to explain and study human development
41
what is the behaviourist appoach to electicism?
observations of the child's behavior and her classmates rection may suggest that her behvaior is being rewarded by the other childrens responces
42
what is the psychoanalystic explanation?
deeper probing of the child's family situaion may indicate that her acting-out bhavior relfects an emotional reaction to a family event such as divorce
43
what is the cognitive-development explanation
the emotional reaction may arise from her inability to understand why her parents are divorcing
44
case studies
in depth studies of indivdiuals
45
naturalistic observation
a research method in which participants are observed in their normal environmental
46
correlation
a stastitic used to describe the strength of a relationship between two variables. It can range from -1.00 to +1.00 The closer the correlation the stronger the relationship being described
47
experiment
A research method for tesing a causal hypotheisis, in which participants are assigned randomly to experimental and control groups and the experimental group is then provided with a particular experience that is expected to alter behavior in some fashion
48
experimental group
a group of participants in an experiment who receive a particular treament inteded to produce some specific effect
49
control group
a group of participants in an experiment who receive either no special treaent or some neutral treamte
50
independnt variable
a condition or event that an experimenter varies in some systematic way in order to observe the impact of that variation on participants behavior
51
dependent variable
the variable in an experiment that is expected to show the impact of mainipulation of the independent vairal ; also called the outcome vairable
52
cros-cultural research
any study that involves comparisons of differnt cultures or contexts
53
ethnorgraphy
a detail description of a single culture or context based on extensive obseravation
54
Cross-sectional designs
Partipants of different ages studied at one time
55
Longitudinal Design
Participants in one group studied several times
56
Sequential Design
Stydt that combines booth longitudinal and cross-sectional
57
Case Studies
In-depth study of one or a few individuals using observation interviews or psychological testing
58
Naturalistic observation
Observation of behavior in natural setting
59
Correlation tudies
Determination of mathematical relationship between two variables
60
Experiments
Random assignment of participants to control or experimental group; manipulation of independent variable
61
Cross-cultural research
Reasearch that either describes culture or includes culture as a variable
62
What are the ethical standards for reasearch involving human partcipants?
``` Protection from harm Informed consent Confidentiality knowlegde of results protection from deception ```
63
what did psychologist John B. Watson think about parenting?
to be rigid to ensure that children will become emotionally hard
64
What did Benjamin Spock think about parenting?
think that parents should not place excessive demands on children
65
Idealist
someone who has an idea of a perfect or ideal life . Plato was an idealist
66
rationalist
someone of who has a realistic, rationalisted idea of life, rene descartes was a realistic
67
what did John Locke believe about human nature?
that we are a blank state, and that some knowlegde is inborn
68
what did Jean Jacques Rouseau beleive about human nature
that humans are naturally good
69
What did Stanley Hall believe about human development
that milestones and identification of norms were part of development, that development was inborn and dictated by nature, and evlutionairy
70
What did John Watson believe about human development?
believed behaviourism, environmental influences and nature
71
what is the continuity vs discontinuity?
quantitative versus qualitative

developmental psychology: the child (7 decks)

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