CH6 STRUCTURE

Question 1

The emergent, consensual
standards that regulate group
members’ behaviors; social
standards

Answer 1

norms

Question 2

4 types of norms

Answer 2

1. prescriptive norms
2. proscriptive norms
3. descriptive norms
4. injunctive norms

Question 3

norms that define the
socially appropriate way to respond
in a social situation

Answer 3

prescriptive norms

Question 4

norms that are prohibitions;
they define the types of actions that
should be avoided if at all possible

Answer 4

proscriptive norms

Question 5

norms that describe what
people usually do, feel, or think in a
particular situation

Answer 5

descriptive norms

Question 6

norms that are evaluative;
describe the sorts of behaviors that
people ought to perform

Answer 6

injunctive norms

Question 7

Increase in the number of roles in a
group, accompanied by the gradual
decrease in the scope of these roles
as each one becomes more
narrowly defined and specialized.

Answer 7

role differentiation

Question 8

3 types of roles

Answer 8

1. task role
2. relationship/socioemotional role
3. individualistic role

Question 9

roles that focus on the group’s
goals and on the members’ attempts
to support one another as they work.

Answer 9

task roles

Question 10

roles that improve the nature and
quality of interpersonal relationships
among members

Answer 10

relationship/socioemotional roles

Question 11

roles where members
emphasize their own needs over the
group’s needs.

Answer 11

individualistic roles

Question 12

A pattern of change in the
relationship between an individual
and a group that begins when an
individual first considers joining the
group and ends when he or she
leaves it.

Answer 12

group socialization

Question 13

5 types of members in group socialization

Answer 13

1. prospective member
2. new member
3. full member
4. marginal member
5. ex member

Question 14

a type of member prior to joining a group,
individuals may study the
group and the resources it
offers

Answer 14

prospective member

Question 15

When this type of member choose to enter
(Entry), their commitment
increases and socialization
by the full members begin.

Answer 15

new member

Question 16

a type of member when the socialization process
does not end when
individuals become full
fledged group members

Answer 16

full member

Question 17

the group may
force individuals to take on
roles that they do not find
rewarding. Individuals may
fail to meet a group’s
expectations.

Answer 17

divergence — marginal member

Question 18

the former
full member takes on the role
of a marginal member whose
future in the group is
uncertain.

Answer 18

resocualization — marginal member

Question 19

individual
once more becomes a full
member of the group;
However, these efforts can
fail.

Answer 19

convergence — marginal member

Question 20

4 types of role stress

Answer 20

1. role ambiguity
2. role conflict
3. interrole conflict
4. person-role conflict

Question 21

individual
once more becomes a full
member of the group;
However, these efforts can
fail.

Answer 21

role ambiguity

Question 22

Occupying several roles at
the same time, with the
requirements of each role
making demands on their
time and abilities.

Answer 22

role conflict

Question 23

Role takers discover that
behaviors associated with
one of their roles are
incompatible with those
associated with another of
their roles.

Answer 23

interrole conflict

Question 24

When role fit is low, people
do not feel that they can be
themselves in their roles.

Answer 24

person-role conflict

Question 25

the behaviors associated with a particular role are completely congruent with the values, attitudes, personality, needs, or preferences of the person who must enact the role.

Answer 25

role fit

Question 26

Connections among the members of a group provide the basis for the third component of group structure—the network of intermember relations

Answer 26

intermember relations

Question 27

gradual rise of some group members to positions of greater authority, accompanied by decreases in the authority exercised by other members

Answer 27

status differentiation

Question 28

patterns of liking/disliking, acceptance/rejection, and inclusion, exclusion among members

Answer 28

attraction network

Question 29

Patterns of communication among group members, like other structural features of groups are sometimes deliberately set in place when the group is organized

Answer 29

centrality effects

Question 30

from the leaders down to the followers of the group

Answer 30

downward-flowing information

Question 31

from the subordinates up to the superiors.

Answer 31

upward-flowing information