CH.7

Question 1

behavioral medicine

Answer 1

interdisciplinary approach applying behavioral science to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems. also known as psychosomatic medicine

Question 2

health psychology

Answer 2

subfield of behavioral medicine that studies psychological factors important in health promotion and maintenance

Question 3

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Answer 3

sequence of reactions to sustained stress described by Hans Selye. these stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion, which may lead to death

Question 4

self-efficancy

Answer 4

perception of having the ability to cope with stress or challenges

Question 5

immune system

Answer 5

body’s means of identifying and eliminating any foreign materials (for example, bacteria, parasites, and even transplanted organs) that enter
humoral branch: blood and other bodily fluids
cellular branch: protects against viral and parasitil infections
leukocytes are primary agents
decides wether you contract a virus
high stress and low social support&raquo_space; high sickness

Question 6

antigens

Answer 6

foreign material that enters the body, including bacteria and parasites

Question 7

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 7

painful, degenerative disease in which the immune system essentially attacks itself, resulting in stiffness, swelling, and even destruction of the joints.
cognitive-behavioral treatments can help relieve pain and stiffness

Question 8

psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

Answer 8

study of psychological influences on the neurological responding involved in the body’s immune response

Question 9

AIDS-related complex (ARC)

Answer 9

group of minor health problems such as weight loss, fever, and night sweats that appears after HIV infection but before development of full-blown AIDS

Question 10

cancer

Answer 10

category of often-fatal medical conditions involving abnormal cell growth and malignancy
can also effect plants and animals
uncontroalable risk factors: age, family history and genetics, ethnic background, environment
controllable risk factors: tobacco use, poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, psychosocial factors, uv light exposure, alcohol, sexual behavior
*cancer is influenced by psychological, behavioral, and social factors

Question 11

psychoncology

Answer 11

study of psychological factors involved in the course and treatment of cancer

Question 12

cardiovascular disease

Answer 12

afflictions in the mechanisms, including the heart, blood vessels, and their controllers, responsible for transporting blood to the body’s tissues and organs. psychological factors may play important roles in such diseases and their treatments

Question 13

stroke/cerebral vascular accident (CVA)

Answer 13

temporary blockage of blood vessels supplying the brain, or a rupture of vessels in the brain, resulting in temporary or permanent loss of brain functioning

Question 14

hypertension

Answer 14

major risk factor for stroke and heart and kidney disease that is intimately related to psychological factors. also known as high blood pressure
affected by salt, fluid volume, sympathetic arousal, and stress
psychological contributors include anger and hostility
*influenced by psychological, behavioral, and social factors

Question 15

essential hypertension

Answer 15

high blood pressure with no verifiable physical cause, which makes up the overwhelming majority of high blood pressure cases

Question 16

coronary heart disease (CHD)

Answer 16

blockage of the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle; a major cause of death in Western culture, with social and psychological factors involved
risk factors: stress, anxiety, anger/ poor coping skills/ low social support/ lifestyle factors/ type A behavior pattern

Question 17

type A behavior pattern

Answer 17

cluster of behaviors including excessive competitiveness, time-pressured impatience, accelerated speech, and anger, originally thought to promote high risk for heart disease

Question 18

type B behavior pattern

Answer 18

cluster of behaviors including a relaxed attitude, indifference to time pressure, and less forceful ambition; originally thought to promote low risk for heart disease

Question 19

acute pain

Answer 19

pain that typically follows an injury and disappears once the injury heals or is effectively treated

Question 20

chronic pain

Answer 20

enduring pain that does not decrease over time; may occur in muscles, joints, and the lower back; and may be caused by enlarged blood vessels or degenerating or cancerous tissue. other significant factors are social and psychological

women: migranes/ arthritis/ carpal tunel
men: cardiac/ low back

Question 21

endogenous (natural) opioids

Answer 21

substance occurring naturally throughout the body that functions like a neurotransmitter to shut down pain sensation even in the presence of marked tissue damage. these opids may contribute to psychological problems such as eating disorders. also known as an endorphin or enkephalin

Question 22

chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)

Answer 22

incapacitating exhaustion following only minimal exertion, accompanied by fever, headaches, muscle and joint pain, depression, and anxiety

Question 23

biofeedback

Answer 23

use of physiological monitoring equipment to make individuals aware of their own bodily functions, such as blood pressure or brain waves, that they cannot normally access, with the purpose of controlling these functions

Question 24

relaxation response

Answer 24

active components of meditation methods, including repetitive thoughts of a sound to reduce distracting thoughts and closing the mind to other intruding thoughts, that decrease the flow of stress hormones and neurotransmitters and cause a feeling of calm

Question 25

Which of the following is an interdisciplinary field that applies knowledge about human thoughts, emotions, and activities to prevent, diagnose, and treat medical problems? a. behavioral medicine b. endogenous medicine c. health psychology d. medical psychology

Answer 25

behavioral medicine

Question 26

The general adaptation syndrome describes several stages people experience in response to sustained stress. These stages occur in which order?

Answer 26

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Question 27

Cortisol is:

Answer 27

a hormone that stimulates the hippocampus to turn off the stress response

Question 28

Next month Shanti has to take an important college entrance exam. Which factor is most likely to influence whether her response to the exam is positive or negative?

Answer 28

Shanti’s beliefs about how much control she has over the situation

Question 29

Joan has been living with HIV for three years and has just started participating in a stress-management support group. Based on previous research, what might Joan expect from her participation?

Answer 29

an increase in the activity of T helper and natural killer cells

Question 30

The study of how psychosocial factors influence cancer is known as:

Answer 30

psychoncology

Question 31

Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary heart disease?

Answer 31

anger that is part of the type A behavior pattern

Question 32

Biofeedback can be used to teach people how to:

Answer 32

consciously control physiological functions that are outside awareness

Question 33

Which of the following accurately characterizes the effects of denial as a coping strategy?

Answer 33

People who deny their disease may not notice meaningful variations in their symptoms.

Question 34

Which three behaviors, all of which can be modified, put people at the most risk for physical problems?

Answer 34

unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, smoking

Question 35

stress

Answer 35

physiological response of an individual | vary from person to person

Question 36

stressor

Answer 36

event that evokes stress response

Question 37

primary paths of stress

Answer 37

psychological factors can influence basic biological processes long-standing behavior patterns may put people at risk for disease

Question 38

biology of stress

Answer 38

activates sympathetic branch of ANS neuromodulators and neuropeptides act like neurotransmitters activates the HPA axis producing cortisol (arousal)

Question 39

physiology of stress

Answer 39

``` hippocampus: part of the limbic system highly responsive to cortisol helps to turn off HPA cycle chronic stress may damage cells in hipp., which interferes with stopping the HPA loop (become less good at shutting off stress response) ```

Question 40

social influences on stress

Answer 40

high cortisol associated with low social status low social status-fewer lymphocytes and immune suppression dominant males benefit from predictability and controllability primate research

Question 41

leukocytes

Answer 41

white blood cells macrophages: first line of defense, destroy antigens, signal lymphocytes lymphocytes: B cells (humoral branch) and T cells (cellular branch) B cells: produce antibodies (copies) T cells: slash and burn

Question 42

AIDS

Answer 42

acquired immunodeficiency virus flu-like symptoms med time from infection to full-blown AIDS is 7.3-10 years or more treated with HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy ) -current most effective drug treatment -60% show neg. side effects development and course influenced by psychological, behavioral, and social factors

Question 43

malignant cells

Answer 43

different shapes and sizes | spread out

Question 44

carcinomas

Answer 44

epithelial tissue (skin, and skin type stuff)

Question 45

sarcomas

Answer 45

connective tissue

Question 46

leukemias

Answer 46

blood cells (most common)

Question 47

lymphomas

Answer 47

lymphatic system (rare) (lymph nodes and connective vessels)

Question 48

angina pectoris

Answer 48

chest pain from partial obstruction of the arteries

Question 49

atherosclerosis

Answer 49

accumulation of artery plaque

Question 50

Ischemia

Answer 50

deficiency of blood suppply because of too much plaque

Question 51

myocardial infarction

Answer 51

heart attack involving death of heart tissue