Ch.8. Concept Practice: Short-Term Memory Capacity Flashcards
What is Memory?
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
What is Recall?
Retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time.
Recognition
Identifying items previously learned.
Learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time.
Relearning
Parallel Processing
Processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously.
Sensory Memory
The Immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
Short-term memory
Briefly activated memory of a few items that is later stored or forgotten.
Long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
Working memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of both incoming sensory information and information retrieved from long-term memory.
Explicit Memories
retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and “declare”
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Effortful processing
Automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of familiar or well-learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings.
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.
implicit memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
Iconic memory
Echoic memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
Chunking Information
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
Mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
Spacing Effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
Testing Effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.
Shallow Processing
encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words.
Deep Processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words.
A psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is testing your _______.
Recall
The psychological terms for taking in information, retaining it, and later getting it back out are ______, ________, and _________.
Encoding; Storage; Retrieval.
The concept of working memory.
clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on the active processing that occur in this stage.
