Ch.8. Concept Practice: Short-Term Memory Capacity

Question 1

What is Memory?

Answer 1

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

Question 2

What is Recall?

Answer 2

Retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time.

Question 3

Recognition

Answer 3

Identifying items previously learned.

Question 4

Learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time.

Answer 4

Relearning

Question 5

Parallel Processing

Answer 5

Processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously.

Question 6

Sensory Memory

Answer 6

The Immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Question 7

Short-term memory

Answer 7

Briefly activated memory of a few items that is later stored or forgotten.

Question 8

Long-term memory

Answer 8

the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Question 9

Working memory

Answer 9

A newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of both incoming sensory information and information retrieved from long-term memory.

Question 10

Explicit Memories

Answer 10

retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and “declare”

Question 11

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Answer 11

Effortful processing

Question 12

Automatic processing

Answer 12

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of familiar or well-learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings.

Question 13

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.

Answer 13

implicit memory

Question 14

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Answer 14

Iconic memory

Question 15

Echoic memory

Answer 15

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

Question 16

Chunking Information

Answer 16

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

Question 17

Mnemonics

Answer 17

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Question 18

Spacing Effect

Answer 18

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Question 19

Testing Effect

Answer 19

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.

Question 20

Shallow Processing

Answer 20

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words.

Question 21

Deep Processing

Answer 21

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words.

Question 22

A psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is testing your _______.

Answer 22

Recall

Question 23

The psychological terms for taking in information, retaining it, and later getting it back out are ______, ________, and _________.

Answer 23

Encoding; Storage; Retrieval.

Question 24

The concept of working memory.

Answer 24

clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on the active processing that occur in this stage.

Question 25

Sensory memory may be visual (________ memory) or auditory (________ memory).

Answer 25

Iconic; Echoic.

Question 26

Our short-term memory for new information is limited to about ______ bits of information.

Answer 26

Seven

Question 27

Memory aids that use visual imagery or other organizational devices are called ________.

Answer 27

Mnemonics

Question 28

Episodic

Answer 28

Stores memories as images (may include 5 senses) (explicit)

Question 29

Semantic

Answer 29

“I know that…” stores concepts, rules, principles, and problem-solving skills. (explicit)