Class Notes

Question 1

What is sensation?

Answer 1

The detection of physical energy comes into one of our five senses.
AKA
Raw data without meaning.

Question 2

Studies of the emotional experience of people with spinal cord injury _____ the Cannon-Bard theory by suggesting that bodily responses and experienced emotion are _____.

Answer 2

challenge; not independent

Question 3

The common tendency in individualistic cultures to ascribe the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external or situational factors is called:

Answer 3

the fundamental attribution error.

Question 4

Joshua is on trial for simple assault. He has pleaded not guilty. A psychiatrist has testified that Joshua has a gene that has altered the area of his brain related to aggressive behavior. What is likely to happen?

Answer 4

The judge will give him a lighter sentence.

Question 5

When people experience an unpleasant state of psychological tension resulting from two inconsistent thoughts or perceptions, they are said to be experiencing:

Answer 5

cognitive dissonance.

Question 6

Yung is driving to campus one day when another car cuts him off and speeds ahead. Immediately, he yells out “Crazy driver!,” not realizing that the person may be rushing to get to the hospital. Yung’s judgment BEST illustrates:

Answer 6

the fundamental attribution error.

Question 7

_____ theory emphasizes that we seek to reduce the discomfort we feel when we become aware that our attitudes and actions are in conflict.

Answer 7

Cognitive dissonance theory

Question 8

Summer watches as a student stumbles and drops her books in the hall. If she demonstrates the fundamental attribution error, how would Summer explain the student’s behavior?

Answer 8

She is a clumsy person.

Question 9

Juan was shopping for a new watch, and the salesperson was pressuring him to spend money far above his financial limit. Juan attributed the behavior to the salesperson having a pushy personality. Juan’s explanation of the salesperson’s behavior _____ the fundamental attribution error because it is based on the salesperson’s _____.

Answer 9

reflects; personality

Question 10

Janelle yells at Jason for being 10 minutes late for lunch. Rather than believe that Janelle is a rude jerk, Jason decides that she may be having difficulties with her partner. Jason’s explanation of Janelle’s behavior _____ the fundamental attribution error because it is based on Janelle’s _____.

Answer 10

does not reflect; situation

Question 11

Lindsay is writing an essay supporting the notion that our attitudes are based on our behavior. One topic Lindsay might NOT discuss in the essay is:

Answer 11

peripheral route persuasion.

Question 12

Before Rhonda left for college, she told her friend Michelle that she thought sororities were filled with snobs and that she would never consider joining one. However, during Rhonda’s first week on campus, she was approached by a sorority member who invited her to a social function and encouraged her to pledge. After Rhonda attended the party, she told Michelle, “Sororities do a lot of good things for the community. They’re really service organizations.” Rhonda’s change in attitude to match her behavior reflects:

Answer 12

cognitive dissonance.

Question 13

Rhonda has just learned that her neighbor Patricia was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Rhonda to conclude that:

Answer 13

Patricia’s recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble.

Question 14

People often accept other people’s opinions about reality because they wish to be accurate. This is called _____ social influence.

Answer 14

Informational

Question 15

A person tends to exert more effort when she or he is individually accountable than when she or he is working in a group with others toward a common goal. This is known as:

Answer 15

social loafing.

Question 16

In the Milgram experiments, the level of obedience was highest when the teacher was _____ the experimenter and _____ the learner.

Answer 16

close to; far from

Question 17

Which social-psychological phenomenon is probably MOST relevant to the fact that online conversation tends to strengthen social movements as different as #BlackLivesMatter on the one hand and alt-right white supremacism on the other?

Answer 17

group polarization

Question 18

What might account for why, in college residence halls, students’ attitudes become more similar to those living near them?

Answer 18

They may feel as though others in the residence hall are observing their behavior.

Question 19

A dictator who has a lot of yes-men around to support his suggestions makes decisions that are increasingly ill-considered and divorced from reality. This is an example of:

Answer 19

✓ Group think

Question 20

John is not a great golfer; he has only been playing golf for 2 years. One day, John was playing alone, and a foursome in front of him told him he could play through. All four of the others watched him tee off. According to social facilitation research, what type of performance would you expect from John?

Answer 20

He will not perform well due to increased arousal.

Question 21

In which situation is one MOST likely to conform?

Answer 21

when one admires the group’s status

Question 22

Dahlia is trying to make partner at one of the city’s most prestigious law firms. It is generally understood that associates remain hard at work in the office until at least 7 or 8 each evening. This is an element of the firm’s:

Answer 22

norms

Question 23

A political party contains both “centrist” members and more left-wing members known as “progressives.” After prolonged online discussion of potential presidential candidates, the centrists are more centrist than ever, and the progressives have drifted farther leftward. This example BEST illustrates:

Answer 23

group polarization.

Question 24

Nate is lifting weights to build muscle for the upcoming football season. While Nate is in the gym lifting, a group of cheerleaders comes in to start practice. While the cheerleaders were watching, Nate was able to do 10 reps more than he has ever accomplished in the past. This BEST illustrates:

Answer 24

social facilitation.

Question 25

Discrimination is BEST described as:

Answer 25

an unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group of people and its members.

Question 26

_____ refer to culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations.

Answer 26

Social scripts

Question 27

Suppose a researcher creates a measure of anti-LGBT prejudice. High scores indicate greater prejudice. The researcher should find a _____ correlation between scores on this measure among a sample of straight people and the suicide rate among gays and lesbians in the same community.

Answer 27

positive

Question 28

David T. Lykken’s saying that “we could avoid two-thirds of all crime simply by putting all able-bodied young men in cryogenic sleep from the age of 12 through 28” demonstrates the understanding that _____ with age.

Answer 28

testosterone levels and aggressiveness decrease

Question 29

Whether we are progressive or conservative, we tend to favor those with whom we share a common political identity. This exemplifies:

Answer 29

an ingroup bias.

Question 30

Pit bulls have a reputation for aggressive behavior, are frequently involved in dogfighting, and have acted aggressively toward people. This BEST demonstrates _____ influences on aggression.

Answer 30

genetic

Question 31

Many African people live in some cities in China, where they work in factories. In one such city, a fast food restaurant banned African people from the dining room. This is an example of:

Answer 31

discrimination

Question 32

Recently, Tanya has been caught in heavy traffic when traveling to and from work. This situation has caused her to arrive to work late and arrive home at a much later time than normal. When she comes home, she slams the front door and tends to yell more at her children and husband over things that are rather insignificant. This behavior can BEST be explained by the:

Answer 32

frustration-aggression principle.

Question 33

Shortly after learning he did not make it onto his high school football team, Will vandalized the team’s locker room and broke several of the school’s windows. His behavior is BEST explained in terms of the _____ principle.

Answer 33

✓ frustration-aggression principle.

Question 34

Mr. Rogers thinks that all teenagers are reckless, promiscuous, irresponsible delinquents. Mr. Rogers appears to be associating qualities that are unrelated to the objective evidence that define all members of this particular age group. Mr. Rogers is demonstrating:

Answer 34

a stereotype.

Question 35

Some American citizens living in a depressed Texas town on the Rio Grande blame undocumented individuals for depressing wages and taking jobs. The citizens therefore support harsh roundup and deportation measures. This is BEST explained by _____ theory.

Answer 35

scapegoat

Question 36

Proximity, similarity, and physical beauty combine to yield:

Answer 36

attraction

Question 37

_____ is a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

Answer 37

A conflict

Question 38

Altruism and peacemaking are intended to help or benefit others. That is, they are examples of:

Answer 38

prosocial behavior.

Question 39

Many studies have shown that in order to reduce conflict between groups, it is suggested that these groups be put in situations where _____ is/are needed to solve a problem.

Answer 39

cooperation

Question 40

Laurie and Jim have been married for 20 years. When asked, Laurie indicated that what she most appreciated about their marriage was that they both freely give and receive affection and that they share decision making and household responsibilities. Laurie’s description is an example of:

Answer 40

equity

Question 41

Siblings Josh and Jackie share the use of their parents’ second car. They constantly argue over who gets the car for each night of the weekend. If a mediator were brought in to settle the dispute, which approach might the mediator first apply?

Answer 41

The mediator would lead each sibling to think about the other’s underlying needs and goals.

Question 42

Mrs. Crane frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband to get his attention, but he thinks she yells because she is angry. Mr. Crane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife to defend himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he is hostile. This couple’s experience BEST illustrates:

Answer 42

mirror-image perceptions.

Question 43

The Townsville blood bank is desperately in need of blood donors. Which student would MOST likely contribute to the blood bank if asked?

Answer 43

Adam, who has just fallen head over heels in love

Question 44

In the 2050s, conflict between the Earth’s major religions comes to a near-standstill when the world’s people must unite to save the planet from an alien invasion. This scenario BEST illustrates the impact of:

Answer 44

superordinate goals.

Question 45

_______ analysis allows us to look at the inheritance of depression over multiple affected family members.

Answer 45

linkage