Ch.8 - Principles of Development

Question 1

what is spermatogenesis/oogenesis known as?

Answer 1

gamete formation

Question 2

what was the early fertilization concept (that was wrong)?

Answer 2

preformation

Question 3

what was the early fertilization concept (that was correct)?

Answer 3

epigenesis

Question 4

what is epigenesis?

Answer 4

fertilized egg contains raw materials only, that assemble

Question 5

what is preformation?

Answer 5

miniature embryo in gamete(s) “unfolds”

Question 6

what are the purposes of fertilization?

Answer 6

1) genetic diversity
2) restore diploidy
3) activate egg

Question 7

What is the first step in fertilization?

Answer 7

jelly layer penetrated by sperm

Question 8

what is the second step in fertilization?

Answer 8

fusion with vitelline envelope if egg recognition and sperm receptor proteins match

Question 9

what draws the sperm head in?

Answer 9

fertilization cone

Question 10

what is “fast block”?

Answer 10

electrical potential change to vitelline membrane -> blocks other sperm’s fusion

Question 11

what does the cortical reaction do?

Answer 11

lifts vitelline envelope away

Question 12

what is the “slow block”?

Answer 12

vitelline envelope hardens = fertilization membrane

Question 13

when does the removal of inhibitors to egg metabolism occur?

Answer 13

after male and female pronuclei fuse

Question 14

how are blastomeres made?

Answer 14

eggs cleave

Question 15

what is isolecithal?

Answer 15

sparse, evenly distributed yolk

Question 16

what are examples of isolecithal?

Answer 16

mammals, starfish, insects

Question 17

what is mesolecithal?

Answer 17

moderate amount of yolk at one end

Question 18

what is an example of mesolecithal?

Answer 18

amphibians

Question 19

what is telolecithal?

Answer 19

mostly dense yolk; only a disc of cytoplasm on surface divides

Question 20

what are examples of telolecithal?

Answer 20

birds, reptiles, fish

Question 21

what is holoblastic cleavage?

Answer 21

whole egg cleaved (yolk slows but does not prevent it)

Question 22

what has holoblastic cleavage?

Answer 22

isolecithal + mesolecithal

Question 23

what is meroblastic?

Answer 23

only cytoplasm cleaved (yolk too dense to cleave)

Question 24

what has meroblastic cleavage?

Answer 24

telolecithal

Question 25

what is indirect development life cycle?

Answer 25

egg – larva – pupa – adult

Question 26

what development has metamorphosis?

Answer 26

indirect development

Question 27

what is the direct development life cycle?

Answer 27

egg – embryo – adult

Question 28

what is blastula?

Answer 28

hollow ball of cells

Question 29

what is blastocoel?

Answer 29

blastula's cavity

Question 30

what is gastrula?

Answer 30

invagination - blastula indented

Question 31

what is archenteron?

Answer 31

primitive gut

Question 32

what is blastopore?

Answer 32

gut's opening

Question 33

what is a protostome?

Answer 33

blastopore forms mouth first

Question 34

what is a deuterostome?

Answer 34

blastopore forms anus first

Question 35

what is induction?

Answer 35

cells in particular regions of developing embryo determine the developmental response of neighboring cells

Question 36

what is primary organizer?

Answer 36

region of dorsal lip of gastrula’s blastopore

Question 37

what is primary induction?

Answer 37

event leading to complete embryo

Question 38

what is secondary induction?

Answer 38

one tissue induced to differentiate induces another tissue

Question 39

what is homeotic gene?

Answer 39

specify the identity of specific body segments

Question 40

what is homeotic mutation?

Answer 40

cause development of wrong structures in a given region

Question 41

what is amniote?

Answer 41

share an amniotic membrane

Question 42

what are examples of anamionte?

Answer 42

fish and amphibians

Question 43

what is amnion?

Answer 43

fluid filled; prevents drying; a shock absorber

Question 44

what is yolk sac?

Answer 44

provides nourishment

Question 45

what is allantois?

Answer 45

stores wastes, with chorion, exchanges gases

Question 46

what does chorion do?

Answer 46

with allantois exchanges gases

Question 47

what phyla are protostomes?

Answer 47

arthropoda, molluscs, worms

Question 48

what phyla are deuterostomes?

Answer 48

chordates, echinodermata

Question 49

what forms external epithelium and nervous system?

Answer 49

ectoderm

Question 50

what forms muscle tissue, bone, cartilage, repro system, circulatory system, body cavity lining (peritoneum)?

Answer 50

mesoderm

Question 51

what forms lining of digestive system?

Answer 51

endoderm

Question 52

what animals are amniote?

Answer 52

reptiles, birds, mammals