Ch.8, Surveys

Question 1

Non-Probability Sampling:

Answer 1

uses non random selection, not everyopmne has a chance of being incllued
Does not always provide a completely accurate representation of the population of interest and may therefore be biased
Only used when constraints to time and cost may make it impossible to attain a probability sample

Question 2

Probability Sampling:

Answer 2

uses random selection, strong external validity

Question 3

Random Sampling: e

Answer 3

each individual of population has equal chance to be chosen

Question 4

Convenience Sampling, Non-Probability:

Answer 4

inexpensive, method based on the convenience of surveying people who are easy to reach (whoever is closest in proximity)

Question 5

Snowball Sampling:

Answer 5

method used to collect data when it’s difficult to locate respondents, commonly used on social media sites to collect data, usually requested that people tell their friends and therefore creates the snowball

Question 6

Simple Random Sampling, Probability

Answer 6

Simple Random Sampling: subset of population where each member has an equal chance to be chosen

Question 7

Stratified Random Sampling, Probability

Answer 7

population is divided into subgroups called strata (stratum: shared characteristic like gender or age that can be used to segment the population), superior to simple random sampling because it reduces the difference of the selected sample from the actual population; it ensures each subgroup within the population receives proper representation within the sample.

Question 8

Cluster Sampling, Probability. Difference from Stratified sampling?

Answer 8

uses natural but relatively heterogeneous population, randomly selected strata are sampled (women, middle aged), quick, easy, inexpensive
—In Cluster Sampling, the sampling is done on a WIDE population of clusters therefore, cluster/group is considered a sampling unit UNTO ITS OWN. In Stratified Sampling, SPECIFIC elements within each stratum are sampled. In Cluster Sampling, only selected clusters are sampled. In Stratified Sampling, from each INDIVIDUAL stratum, a random sample is selected.

Question 9

Sampling Distribution:

Answer 9

a probability distribution of a statistic that is obtained through repeated sampling of a specific population. It describes a range of possible outcomes for a statistic, such as the mean or mode of some variable, of a population.

Question 10

Sampling error

Answer 10

difference between the estimate of the population characteristic and its true, unknown value, occurring when the results from a sample do not

Question 11

Research-Based Survey: vs Evaluation Survey:

Answer 11

Research-Based Survey: survey used to make decisions (entail collecting, analyzing, and interpreting results to describe the level of an attribute/behavior etc)
Evaluation Survey: survey used to make decisions (drive organizational change, improve effectiveness, etc.)

Question 12

Mixed-Mode Surveys:

Answer 12

in which multiple methods are used to contact and survey respondents to increase response rate (that way not all participants are limited to using technology)

Question 13

Group Administration:

Answer 13

respondents are brought together and asked to respond to list of questions

Question 14

Focus Groups:

Answer 14

: individuals are asked about their attitudes or perceptions toward a specific thing should be 10-12 people

Question 15

Dichotomous Questions, qualitative

Answer 15

question can only be answered in one of two indicated ways

Question 16

Forced Choice:, qualitative

Answer 16

makes respondent choose definitive answer

Question 17

Scale Format Questions, Quantitative

Answer 17

ask respondents to describe a situation along a continuum; Likert Type Items

Question 18

Interval/Numeric Question:

Answer 18

most precise measure available, used when we want a precise difference assesses along a skil (ADVANTAGE OVER LIKERT)

Question 19

Semantic Differential Question, quantitative

Answer 19

Collects interval data in which the respondent is asked to assess an attribute on a set of contradicting adjective pairing (light/dark)
Used to measure attitudes about idea, concepts, items, people/events

Question 20

Cumulative/Guttman Scale

Answer 20

Interval data
Respondent checks all items with which they agree

Question 21

Filter/Contingency Questions, Quantitative

Answer 21

Determine whether the respondent is qualified to answer the subsequent question

Question 22

Survey Habituation:

Answer 22

series of questions that all have the same answer choices; respondents may learn to ignore a question because of repeated exposure to the format

Question 23

iNTRA-Rater Reliability

Answer 23

rater rates the same behavior consistently over time

Question 24

Internal Consistency:

Answer 24

refers to the degree that survey items are measuring the same construct

Question 25

Cronbach’s Alpha:

Answer 25

measure of internal consistency, produces correlations between topic items; can be skewed by the number of items on a survey

Question 26

Split-Half Reliability:

Answer 26

two halves of the survey should yield similar true scores and error variances

Question 27

Face Validity:

Answer 27

extent to which a survey is subjectively viewed as measuring the construct it intends to ‘

Question 28

What of data do structured interviews yield?

Answer 28

quantitative

Question 29

What kind of data do unstructured interviews yield?

Answer 29

qualitative

Question 30

Define the difference between systematic observation and common observation.

Answer 30

systematic observation involves precise specification of what is to be observe. and recorded, and may involve measurement techniques and instruments. common observation does not have these specifications

Question 31

What qualifies as an empirical question?

Answer 31

Empirical questions can be answered by giving facts or information; ANYTHING THAT can be answered by observation

Question 32

Characteristics of empirical question/research

Answer 32

A research question, which will determine research objectives. A particular and planned design for the research, which will depend on the question and which will find ways of answering it with appropriate use of resources. The gathering of primary data, which is then analysed.

Question 33

Criteria for descriptive research

Answer 33

Descriptive research aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when and how questions, but not why questions.

Question 34

Is descriptive research qualitative or quantitative?

Answer 34

Descriptive research can be quantitative as it gathers quantifiable data to statistically analyze a population sample. T